Employment Tribunals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Tribunals - Essay Example In that capacity, these work enactments give the arrangement of limitations upon the laborer in his relationship with the business and the other way around so as to keep up mechanical harmony and concordance, subsequently advancing modern majority rules system. So also, these work enactments are intended to look more on the quick consequences of the business worker relationship. These are the assortment of rules and standards which administers the connection among work and the executives in the group from one perspective and the standards of deciding the rights and liabilities noteworthy to the individual relationship of business and representatives. At the point when the clashing interests of work and capital are overloaded, the heavier impact of capital must be counteracted the empathy and compassion concurred to the specialist. This is not out of the question if the laborer is given the chance and the option to declare and guard his case, not as a subordinate yet additionally as a friend of the executives, with which he can haggle on even plane. Furthermore, these should be possible and tended to before a business court. Beside the previous Labor enactments, Employment Tribunals assumes a significant job in guaranteeing modern harmony and concordance. ... These incorporate out of line excusal, repetition, installments, segregation just as cases identifying with wages and excusal among others. Business Tribunals resemble courts, yet it isn't as formal. Correspondingly, it acts autonomously. Cases are generally started by representatives or worker's guilds. Cases are normally heard by a board of three people which incorporate lawfully qualified director and two lay individuals who utilize their business encounters in making a decision about the realities of the case. Work Tribunals in the ongoing years are open to a wronged representative in order to address the last's complaints against his boss. A representative can be spoken to without anyone else or by his association before the Employment Tribunal. Correspondingly, Employment Tribunals expediently address the cases before it. Business Tribunal applications for cases must be made inside a quarter of a year of the occurrence, nonetheless, the Tribunal can expand as far as possible it extraordinary situation. The Tribunal will at that point determine with respect to whether the representative's case can flourish. Also, in the event of uncertainty as tot the case, a primer hearing is directed in order to choose whether the case or reaction ought to succeed or not; choose whether or not the worker is qualified for bring or safeguard his case and to choose if there is a need to pay the store and with regards to whether either side's case seem frail. This fundamental hearing is typically held out i n the open before an executive sitting alone or it tends to be held via phone. On the off chance that the case proceeds, case the executives conversations are held to explain issues for the situation, similarly, it believes observers and bits of proof to be introduced just as the time and length of the full hearing. The previously mentioned conversations can

3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation

3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation 3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation 3 Cases of Insufficient Punctuation By Mark Nichol Every one of the accompanying sentences is undermined by the absence of a couple of accentuation marks, bringing about a potential for disarray among perusers. Conversation following every model clarifies the imperfection, and a correction shows more clear sentence sythesis. 1. Move over twenty to thirty year olds this gathering is assuming control over the rental market. The basic â€Å"move over,† followed by a word distinguishing who is to act as indicated by the basic to move to one side, peruses as though an undefined crowd is being advised to change their area at a situation over a specific segment gathering. At the point when a sentence starts with an order and a modifier, separate the two sentence components with a comma: â€Å"Move over, recent college grads this gathering is assuming control over the rental market.† 2. This paper presents a procedure dependent on industry-acknowledged structures that subtleties all the means firms need to take to lead a thorough and consistent hazard appraisal. Here, the absence of understanding among systems and subtleties flags that the action word doesn't have any significant bearing to the thing, however their nearness despite everything acquaints a sign with commotion snag, which would be enhanced if the thing and action word agreed. To explain that subtleties relates to philosophy, not structures, section the altering expression â€Å"based on industry-acknowledged frameworks† with commas: â€Å"This paper presents a technique, in view of industry-acknowledged systems, that subtleties all the means firms need to take to direct a far reaching and consistent hazard assessment.† 3. Dispersion and courses to market can benefit from outside intervention by executing a robotized advanced entrance in spite of the fact that this is more perplexing since it can affect commission. This enthusiastically zooming sentence profits by a few embedded commas to flag settled subordinate conditions the expression starting with since is subordinate to the one start with in spite of the fact that, which thusly is subordinate to the principle provision: â€Å"Distribution and courses to market can benefit from outside intervention by actualizing a computerized advanced gateway, in spite of the fact that this is more mind boggling, since it can affect commission.† Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Types of RhymeOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Woof or Weft?

My Hospital Experience | Short Story

My Hospital Experience | Short Story I know youre continually thinking on the great side, and youre figuring everybody great ought to be dealt with well, and everybody terrible, similar to lawbreakers, shouldnt be here. In any case, here and there, great individuals have awful things done to them, for obscure reasons. Seldom, nobody is doing it to them, more often than not its an awful thing. My story is extraordinary, incredibly unique. Its not something ordinary, its something obscure.. Im a great individual. I have incredible evaluations, I attempt to stop battles with no viciousness, yet simply working it out, I have decent companions, and Ive just visited to principals office to get something. In any case, Ive had something repulsive done to me. You know how you get a virus? Better believe it, I had become ill, not with a chilly, yet an obscure sickness that made me really go to the clinic, and it appeared as though I needed to get mind medical procedure. Nothing contrasted with chilly, in that spot. Youre most likely reasoning, Brain Surgery? What occurred!? All things considered everything began on a hot school-day. I saw my eyes moving to and fro, in a concealed speed, while in transit to lunch. Obviously, Id go ballistic, however this was school! I simply shut my eyes for a piece, and opened them after, and it appeared as though nothing had even occur. I thought it was only my creative mind. Be that as it may, it got more regrettable. Weeks after the fact, it happened once more. I was at an inns pool, and it was happened when I and my mom were strolling back to the room. My eyes gleamed to and fro, and I was gazing straightforwardly at her. Her face changed from once delight to a response of stress and outrage. She let me know, Stop that, youre going to hurt yourself. I asked her, Stop what? She steadied her eyes, That eye thing, dont act ignorant. I moaned, Oh, Im not doing that deliberately. The discussion simply halted there. We headed inside, and I think we both simply di sregarded it, I think.. This purported eye stunt wasnt going to stop at any point in the near future. I had at last idea it had incurred significant damage and discovered out of my framework.. In any case, I was so off-base.. This bad dream had just started. Later that school-year, Spring Break to be accurate, my eyes glimmered to and fro before my mom once more, much longer this time, and I couldnt even stop it when I shut my eyes! I was unnerved, and my mom revealed to me she was taking me to the emergency clinic. I truly didnt need her to do that, since I was stressed over how much by cash she had, and I truly didnt need to be a weight, however I didnt truly have a decision. A lot later, on a stormy ride that appeared to be perpetually, we at last arrived at Camden Medical Center. My mom took me inside, holding my deliver a firm and solid handle and mentioned to them what was going on. She marked in, and we stood by persistently in the room, plunking down. A little stand by later, they got a wheel-seat and took me inside the crisis room. My brain was numb, and I couldnt truly think straight, such a large number of things were going on at once. All I recall was having an IV in one of my arms, and I sat tight for something in a clinic bed, with a perfect, warmed cover on me. Once more, I still couldnt make sense of what was happening, however they put me into a cart and put me within the rescue vehicle and revealed to me everything would have been alright. I just rested, and shut my eyes. I knew different specialists in the rescue vehicle were talking, yet I couldnt hear them that well.. The ride appeared to be long, however short simultaneously. I could at present feel my mom holding my hand as we arrived at the following clinic. I just opened my eyes, within a room, laying on a medical clinic bed. I could tell my folks were stressed for me. I didnt know why, however. A specialist came inside and revealed to me I required mind medical procedure. I was panicked inside, and I needed to cry and shout, yet I simply concurred and gestured when he disclosed to me I expected to do a few tests. There was numerous tests during that while in the medical clinic. Blood tests, filtering tests, x-beams, a spinal tap, and different tests I dont recollect.. My family arrived in a ton, when a test was done and I could return to my room. I extremely simply needed to return home.. I was so worn out on the medical clinic, however I couldnt leave.. I didnt feel tormented, I just felt caught. I needed to leave so terrible, however I couldnt I sensed that I was a confined creature for some wacky researcher to test on. For about fourteen days that appeared as though the days would not end, I was informed that white platelets were as saulting my cerebellum that made my eyes move to and fro, so they disclosed to me I simply required a few steroids and I figure a couple of more tests before I could return home. I was so upbeat, I could at long last leave. For two days, the medical caretakers gave me steroids and I felt a consuming in my wrists, yet I just didnt care for it. I would return home.. I could at long last return to class.. After those days, I was at last permitted to return home. I was removed from the medical clinic in a wheel-seat, and I slithered into the rear of my dads vehicle. It took a few hours before we were home, however when we were, I grinned with joy and attempted to run inside, yet I could just walk. Days appeared to be typical, and after the end of the week, I was educated that I could come back to class! This ordinary thing proceeded until I had the option to go into the 6th grade, and I was told close to the center of the school year I required a shot, and I didnt get it. Thus, I talked about reality and disclosed to them I didnt know, and I got a slip and took it to my mom.. Be that as it may, clearly, I cannot get this shot in light of the occurrence at the medical clinic. Thus, I need to pause and proceed with my school year until two school years have passed. Presently, due to that horrible hardship of difficulty in the medical clinic, I need to been self-taught.. Incredible, simply peachy, I thought my time of misfortune was finished. It just goes to appear, life isnt reasonable on occasion, regardless of whether youve done nothing incorrectly. The Red Convertible | Literature Analysis The Red Convertible | Literature Analysis The intensity of connections is an incredible power. It can change the course of one people life or the lives of numerous individuals in a constructive or antagonistic way. The association between relatives is particularly solid and it is accepted that it can stand the trial of nearly anything that is tossed towards the relatives. Be that as it may, this isn't in every case valid. There are numerous things that can destroy connections and ties inside a family, for example, war and passing. Demise just cuts off the relationship gruffly and demolishes a family. War can make an officer demonstration diversely towards their connections and to always be unable to turn into their old selves once more. In the tale of The Red Convertible by Louise Eldrich, exactly the same happens to siblings Henry and Lyman Lamartine. Henrys appearance, the photo of the siblings, and convertible represent the adjustment in their relationship from the time when Henry does battle. Henrys physical appearance has changed since returning home from war, just as how he acts around his family. In the wake of getting back home from war, Henry wore a similar outfit ordinary. He wore his military coat and his military boots, and he never took them off. This reluctance to change out of his military garments shows that Henry feels that he is for all time associated with the war. By and large when fighters wear their military garments, considerably after they showed up home, it implies their need to return into battle since it is all that they had come to know and that they know nothing outside of battle. It is regularly believed that officers want to return to battle so they can bite the dust inside a circumstance that they had come to know. Furthermore, the warriors that can return back home feel regretful for living and need to return to war to kick the bucket with the goal that they can dispose of the blame they feel. The military boots that Henry wears continually achieves his exacting demise with Lyman depicting, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦his boots loaded up with water on a blustery night㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (394) and Henry suffocating as the outcome. The boots likewise represent the war and since the boots topped off with water and caused the passing of Henry, the war itself suffocated Henry. Henry couldn't, or rather was reluctant to spare himself from suffocating, the heaviness of the revulsions of wars. Henrys character changed since returning home from war. He used to be a lighthearted youngster that would joke around with his sibling, for example, when he went to Alaska and kidded, I generally thought about what it resembled to have long pretty hair.' (395) when they found that Susy had hair that arrived at the ground. Lyman reviews these occasions and notification the adjustment in his sibling from being energetic and ecstatic to a man that can't chuckle any longer, expressing Hed consistently had a joke , at that point, as well, and now you couldnt get him to laugh㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (396). Henry likewise couldn't sit still in the wake of returning home from war, presumably expecting that in the event that he sat still for a really long time, at that point the pictures of war would crawl once more into his head. The photo that is taken by their more youthful sister Bonita shows the change that Henry experienced before the war and subsequent to getting back home from the war. The image shows the difference as a part of their characters after Henry returns. Lyman depicts himself as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦right out in the sun, large and round. (398), demonstrating that Lymans soul is entire and substance with life, while Henry is depicted as having à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦shadows all over as profound as gaps. (398), showing that is soul is scarred and parted from what he encountered while at war. This photography likewise presents the first occasion when that Henry grins since getting back home. His grin is depicted as though it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦looked as like it would have harmed his face. (398) and this speaks to the consequence of the war and the powerlessness to be really glad once more. The convertible encapsulates the opportunity that Henry and Lyman experienced and their connection between one another. The opportunity they experience is appeared by the excursion they had the mid year before Henry was drafted to war. This opportunity that they had before the war is devastated by the w

Women and Gender in the James Bond Films Essay Example

Ladies and Gender in the James Bond Films Essay The film business has been around for quite a while now, and movies are frequently are utilized to communicate society’s qualities, and standards as Wikipedia says, â€Å"Films are curios made by explicit cultures.† along these lines, films venture societies and as they are an incredibly well known medium as Pettinger says, â€Å"Cinema participation has kept on expanding regardless of †rising costs, on request TV film stations, the development of web film downloads, and the development of widescreen TVs.† Theodor Addorno states, â€Å"Where in the suggested that mainstream society is likened to a production line creating normalized social merchandise films, radio projects, magazines, and so on that are utilized to control mass society into lack of involvement. Utilization of the simple joys of mainstream society, made accessible by the mass correspondences media, renders individuals submissive and content† along these lines films act practically like a controller for society, to control the hordes much like the Romans had gladiatorial battle we have movies and media. Using film new goals and social procedures are anticipated to us practically like a concealed educational plan that depicts society’s standards. This connects to auxiliary socialization where social orders esteems and ethics and anticipated or fortified through film. In my article, I will dissect the manner in which James Bond films use portrayals of ladies and voyeurism and sexual orientation jobs to keep up the notoriety of the James Bond establishment. I will be taking a gander at the messages James Bond passes on to its crowd. Marxism is another pervasive point according to Bond films as a film is utilized to bring in cash and ladies are frequently utilized in Bond movies to do this. Bond films are famously hostile to women's activist, this being an underlining topic in many Bond films. We will compose a custom exposition test on Women and Gender in the James Bond Films explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Women and Gender in the James Bond Films explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Women and Gender in the James Bond Films explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Some portion of the film is ones getaway from reality this identifies with hyper reality-Jean Baudrillard; the James Bond film is a man’s perfect existence where lady are glamourized, and the male is prevailing with alpha male characteristi

Plant and Animal Cell

As a matter of first importance, plant and creature cells are eukaryotic cells. They have complex structures yet the two of them have significant contrasts, also a few likenesses. Plant cell are typically bigger than creature cell. The two sorts of cells have numerous organelles. The plant cell has a couple of a greater number of organelles than the creature cell however generally theyâ have similar organelles. Creature and plant cells both have a core, ribosomes, Golgi mechanical assembly, andâ endoplasmic reticulum. Just plant cells have a cell divider, vacuole, chloroplast, and plastids.Both cells are constrained by a core and else they wouldn’t have the option to work without it. Also, the ribosomes experience a procedure called union of proteins, these proteins are essential for life in the phones. The Golgi device packs the proteins to remain in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is classified into two sections, Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic retic ulum. The harsh endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes connected to it; it packs the proteins made by the ribosomes.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn't have ribosomes yet it detoxifies noxious material in the cell. Moreover, creature cells are adjusted and unpredictable fit as a fiddle, while plant cells have fixed rectangular shapes. Plant cell have cell divider which makes a rectangular structure, these structure are made out of cellulose, hemicellulose, and an assortment of different materials, however creature cells don’t have this cell divider making it have dynamic shapes (round shape).Plant cells have chloroplasts for the usage of daylight and this is the thing that contributes for a plant to look green. Plant cell do photosynthesis while creature cells can’t. The chloroplast is just present in plant cell since they make their own food. Likewise plant cells contains a huge focal vacuole that is encased by a layer that makes up 90% of the cell volume, while whe n contrasted with the creature cell, it has at least one vacuole however littler that the plant cell. Additionally plant cell have plastids and creature cell don’t have.Plastids are little organs in the cytoplasm that stores shaded color and food. Plant cells use connecting pores in their cell divider to associate with one another and pass data while anima cells rely upon a comparable to arrangement of hole intersections that permits correspondence between cells. Creature cells have centrioles, cilia and lysosomes yet plant cells have no requirement for centrioles in light of the fact that their shaft strands are associated with the cell divider. The following are two pictures, one of a creature cell and the other from a plant cell.ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Reference: 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_plant_cells_differ_from_animal_cells 30 Sep. 2012 http://scienceray. com/science/ creature and-plant-cell-likenesses and-contrasts/30 Sep. 2012 http://www. preservearticles. com/201101032391/principle contrasts among plant-and-creature cell. html 30 Sep. 2012 http://www. diffen. com/distinction/Animal_Cell_vs_Plant_Cell

3 Ways High School Juniors Should be Preparing for the College Essay

3 Ways High School Juniors Should be Preparing for the College Essay 3 Ways High School Juniors (and Sophomores!) Should be Preparing for the College Essay 3 Ways High School Juniors (and Sophomores!) Should be Preparing for the College Essay This article was originally posted on USA Today. Yes, there is such a thing as writing your college essay too early. For over a decade, my students (and their parents) have heard me deliver this refrain, and it remains true as it ever was. At the sprightly age of 16 or 17, students are pulling from a limited set of life experiences for their college application essays. Every month of life lived offers new experiences and paths to maturity that could help them write more thoughtful and effective personal statements. Ideally, students should begin writing their essays at the tail end of their junior year or the summer before their senior year, but not before. That said, there is no such thing as preparing to write your essay too early. Just because you shouldn’t pen your personal missive in full before the end of junior year doesn’t mean you can’t start gearing up for the task. Here are three things you can do to be better prepared when you finally sit down to tap out that admissions essay masterpiece. 1. WRAP YOUR HEAD AROUND THE TASK AT HAND. Most students come to the application process with little experience writing personal statements. Very few have been tasked with writing these kinds of highly introspective essays in their school curriculum and many feel uncomfortable writing at length in the first person. The college essay is also an assignment with a highly specific purpose. It is meant to reveal something to admissions about an applicant that may not be present anywhere else on the application. Between the unfamiliar writing style and the pointed purpose of the admissions essay, students are bound to enter the process in a haze of confusion. That is, unless they take the time to familiarize themselves with the college essay writing process and purpose. There is plenty of information to be found on the internet related to the admissions essay. A preparatory video series, like  College Essay Academy, which my team and I at College Essay Advisors created specifically to help students orient themselves to the admissions essay writing assignment, will help students of all ages and in any phase of the essay writing process better understand the why and how of this task. What makes for a successful essay topic? What makes an essay feel personal? And how much time do you need to work on any given phase of the process? Having the answers to these questions before you sit down to write will set a solid foundation for your approach and make the whole process will be a lot easier to na vigate. 2. KEEP A JOURNAL. One of the most intimidating parts of the college essay writing process is topic selection. My Advisors and I hear all the time: “But what if I’m boring?” You’re not! I promise! The problem is, it’s difficult for anyone, even a professional college essay adviser (ahem), to isolate the stories and qualities that define his or herself on the spot. It helps immensely to have a shortlist of anecdotes and ideas to thumb through as you start the brainstorming process â€" which is where routine journaling comes in. Once you have familiarized yourself with the defining characteristics of a powerful essay topic, you will be able to identify potential essay subjects as you live them. Is your summer experience at a science lab inspiring a desire to pursue cancer research in the future? Maybe a conversation with your grandmother is making you think about the meaning of traditions and heritage. You don’t have to write down fully fleshed-out ideas. Sentence fragments, bullets, or even snippets of hilarious conversations are all worth jotting down if they strike you as being important or inspiring. It will be so much easier to dig into the topic selection and writing process if you have a notebook full of options to sift through at the start. 3. MAP OUT A TIMELINE. While now may not be the ideal time for you to begin writing your admissions essay, once you know what you need to accomplish and have a method for recording your most inspired ideas, you can plan for the future. No matter who you are or what you think your work habits are like, procrastination is the enemy of the essay. Very few students can produce incisive, personal writing in a pressure cooker, and good ideas often need time to percolate. It may feel like you can put off the brainstorming process until you need to begin writing your essay, but the magic ideas will more easily float to the surface if there is less stress involved in the task. Pull up your Google calendar and make brainstorming and drafting dates for the future. Be nice to yourself and start early enough in each phase of the process so you have the comfort of time to spare. Trust me, advance planning will make the whole process less stressful and yield better results. About Stacey BrookStacey Brook is an accomplished writer and admissions expert who has spent the last decade helping students conceptualize, edit and refine their college essays.View all posts by Stacey Brook » | Website Ready to get started? We're here to help. BOOK AN ADVISOR »

The Role of Self and Culture in Anorexia Essay - 2200 Words

The Role of Self and Culture in Anorexia (Essay Sample) Content: [Name][Subject][Instructor][Submission Date]The role of self and culture in AnorexiaIntroduction The Ministry of Education(2000, p.13) defines anorexia(anorexia nervosa) as failure to sustain body weight on or over the minimum of the standard weight for height and body physique. According to Rayner, anorexia is a disturbing eating disorder that affects those who have adopted deeds termed as bringing self-induced starvation. The sickness affects both men and women. However, it is more prevalent in young women and those in middle or upper class. Researchers put the number of women affected to be 1 out of every 200 (Rayner 100).According to Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa anorexia nervosa manifests at a degree of 80-85%, in women aged between 12-25 years old. Mainly in those with upper-class lifestyle, in whose career a good shape and slimness are seen as a necessary requirement, whereas the slight male proportion that are affected by anorexia nervosa adopt obsessive exercis ing (20). According to Hesse-Biber, Leavy and Quinn(p. 208) anorexia mostly affects women because of their susceptibility to the cultural models of beauty and fitness. The desire to abide by these societal notions of beauty can become so powerful to the extent that some may cultivate a misguided sense of how their bodies should look or look. Rayners suggests that both self-image and cultural pressure work hand in hand in the acquisition of anorexia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Role of Self in progressing Anorexia Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa(p. 259) share the conviction that anorexia nervosa appears to be a response to the stresses of teens for more individuality and better social and sexual engagements. The desire to be unique from peers and look like the models idealized by the media sows the seeds of discontentment with their appearance. They adopt extreme measures to achieve their goal of being appealing. These measures include Food deprivation and starvation (Ministry of Education). Persons affected or about to be affected by Anorexia exhibit three psychological characteristics (Rayner). First is a powerful and unfounded fear of body fat and weight gain. Secondly, there is a desire to get thinner and thinner. Finally, they have a false perception of body weight and shape to the extent they deprive themselves of food so as to look thin. Rayner points out that certain behaviors in people can act as warning signs that anorexia is creeping in. These include:Desire to shed weight within a small time frame According to Frazer, this is the first stage of anorexia. As a person puts more effort on shedding weight they actually achieve their goal more successfully than the regular dieters. Praise pouring in from age mates and family members consolidate the feelings of achieving an ideal body shape and weight. As a result, losing weight becomes a fixation (Hopton 2011). Dressing in oversized clothes to hide body shape Frazer points out that this may be a way of showing fear. Anor exic people have a feeling of inadequacy which shapes their view of the world (Hopton 2011).In order to shed this fear, they go to the extent of wanting to control everything around them thus creating a perfect personality.' They also have a thing with foods that contain fats (Ministry of Education).Preoccupation with endless exercise. According to Frazer exercising, comes impulsively because no amount of weight loss seems enough. Ironically, the more an anorexic exercises, the more she feels plumper. There develops an acute fear of getting fatter. As a result they measure their weight more often just to satisfy themselves that they keep track of their weight.Control of appetite using diet pills or ipecac syrup which can cause sudden death.Avoiding interacting with other people According to Frazer, an anorexic does not like spending time with family members or friends. This feeling of wanting to be alone might be due to the fear that those close to them would push them to eat more food which is against their primary objective of losing weight. In the presence of other people, they exhibit strange food eating habits like shifting a plate with food just to convince oneself that it has been eaten (Rayner). They take a defensive stance if they are told of their condition because they feel other people are just envious of their shape and looks. They disregard any advice given to them because of an inborn belief that they are right (Frazer). Even after taking food, they give self-demeaning declarations and see themselves as worthless resulting in low self-esteem. They are always in search of approvals from people.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Forfeiture of three successive menstrual periods in females and low-sex drive in males. Young people with anorexia often encounter problems during menstruation, have a weak immune system, abdominal and heart complications and hormonal imbalances that can escalate dejection and stress levels (Ministry of Education) Role of Culture in spread of Anorexia According to Frazer , (Frazer 2006) the primary causes of anorexia are social in nature. Frazer blames the fashion industry and its advertising strategy. He argues that the industry has created an unprecedented amount of competition among women for physical perfection by publicizing the desired shape of a woman. Many women who feel they do not match these standards begin to hate themselves and strive to look appealing. They become victims of anorexia while chasing the dream of being a perfect woman. According to Ellison (Frazer) poverty levels as a cultural factor plays a role in the spread of anorexia. Underprivileged women from Europe and America are less affected compared to privileged women because they have no time to worry about their looks. Those that live an upper-class lifestyle are more often affected because they monitor mainstream media coverage of fashion and looks. Ellison goes further to point out that sexual orientation for men influences anorexia albei t on a small scale. It is less likely for heterosexual men to become anorexic compared to homosexuals. Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa (p.258) are of the opinion that anorexic teenagers are more likely to have lost a close relative, or that they have been victims of abuse. Relevant studies determine that 1/3 of anorexic victims suffered from sexual abuse since they share the same features with the sexually abused victims such as little self-regard, feelings of embarrassment and despising their bodies and that of the opposite sex. According to Levenkron (Frazer) teenage girls, desperately strive to leave a mark that can link with them. Unfortunately, they do so on their own because their family and caregivers rarely intervene to show them how to become fully-grown. According to Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa(p.259) the contemporary culture undermines family ties and cuts the period spent among parents and children. The children have nowhere else to go other than the media for emotional acc omplishment (Hopton 2011). What... The Role of Self and Culture in Anorexia Essay - 2200 Words The Role of Self and Culture in Anorexia (Essay Sample) Content: [Name][Subject][Instructor][Submission Date]The role of self and culture in AnorexiaIntroduction The Ministry of Education(2000, p.13) defines anorexia(anorexia nervosa) as failure to sustain body weight on or over the minimum of the standard weight for height and body physique. According to Rayner, anorexia is a disturbing eating disorder that affects those who have adopted deeds termed as bringing self-induced starvation. The sickness affects both men and women. However, it is more prevalent in young women and those in middle or upper class. Researchers put the number of women affected to be 1 out of every 200 (Rayner 100).According to Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa anorexia nervosa manifests at a degree of 80-85%, in women aged between 12-25 years old. Mainly in those with upper-class lifestyle, in whose career a good shape and slimness are seen as a necessary requirement, whereas the slight male proportion that are affected by anorexia nervosa adopt obsessive exercis ing (20). According to Hesse-Biber, Leavy and Quinn(p. 208) anorexia mostly affects women because of their susceptibility to the cultural models of beauty and fitness. The desire to abide by these societal notions of beauty can become so powerful to the extent that some may cultivate a misguided sense of how their bodies should look or look. Rayners suggests that both self-image and cultural pressure work hand in hand in the acquisition of anorexia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Role of Self in progressing Anorexia Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa(p. 259) share the conviction that anorexia nervosa appears to be a response to the stresses of teens for more individuality and better social and sexual engagements. The desire to be unique from peers and look like the models idealized by the media sows the seeds of discontentment with their appearance. They adopt extreme measures to achieve their goal of being appealing. These measures include Food deprivation and starvation (Ministry of Education). Persons affected or about to be affected by Anorexia exhibit three psychological characteristics (Rayner). First is a powerful and unfounded fear of body fat and weight gain. Secondly, there is a desire to get thinner and thinner. Finally, they have a false perception of body weight and shape to the extent they deprive themselves of food so as to look thin. Rayner points out that certain behaviors in people can act as warning signs that anorexia is creeping in. These include:Desire to shed weight within a small time frame According to Frazer, this is the first stage of anorexia. As a person puts more effort on shedding weight they actually achieve their goal more successfully than the regular dieters. Praise pouring in from age mates and family members consolidate the feelings of achieving an ideal body shape and weight. As a result, losing weight becomes a fixation (Hopton 2011). Dressing in oversized clothes to hide body shape Frazer points out that this may be a way of showing fear. Anor exic people have a feeling of inadequacy which shapes their view of the world (Hopton 2011).In order to shed this fear, they go to the extent of wanting to control everything around them thus creating a perfect personality.' They also have a thing with foods that contain fats (Ministry of Education).Preoccupation with endless exercise. According to Frazer exercising, comes impulsively because no amount of weight loss seems enough. Ironically, the more an anorexic exercises, the more she feels plumper. There develops an acute fear of getting fatter. As a result they measure their weight more often just to satisfy themselves that they keep track of their weight.Control of appetite using diet pills or ipecac syrup which can cause sudden death.Avoiding interacting with other people According to Frazer, an anorexic does not like spending time with family members or friends. This feeling of wanting to be alone might be due to the fear that those close to them would push them to eat more food which is against their primary objective of losing weight. In the presence of other people, they exhibit strange food eating habits like shifting a plate with food just to convince oneself that it has been eaten (Rayner). They take a defensive stance if they are told of their condition because they feel other people are just envious of their shape and looks. They disregard any advice given to them because of an inborn belief that they are right (Frazer). Even after taking food, they give self-demeaning declarations and see themselves as worthless resulting in low self-esteem. They are always in search of approvals from people.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Forfeiture of three successive menstrual periods in females and low-sex drive in males. Young people with anorexia often encounter problems during menstruation, have a weak immune system, abdominal and heart complications and hormonal imbalances that can escalate dejection and stress levels (Ministry of Education) Role of Culture in spread of Anorexia According to Frazer , (Frazer 2006) the primary causes of anorexia are social in nature. Frazer blames the fashion industry and its advertising strategy. He argues that the industry has created an unprecedented amount of competition among women for physical perfection by publicizing the desired shape of a woman. Many women who feel they do not match these standards begin to hate themselves and strive to look appealing. They become victims of anorexia while chasing the dream of being a perfect woman. According to Ellison (Frazer) poverty levels as a cultural factor plays a role in the spread of anorexia. Underprivileged women from Europe and America are less affected compared to privileged women because they have no time to worry about their looks. Those that live an upper-class lifestyle are more often affected because they monitor mainstream media coverage of fashion and looks. Ellison goes further to point out that sexual orientation for men influences anorexia albei t on a small scale. It is less likely for heterosexual men to become anorexic compared to homosexuals. Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa (p.258) are of the opinion that anorexic teenagers are more likely to have lost a close relative, or that they have been victims of abuse. Relevant studies determine that 1/3 of anorexic victims suffered from sexual abuse since they share the same features with the sexually abused victims such as little self-regard, feelings of embarrassment and despising their bodies and that of the opposite sex. According to Levenkron (Frazer) teenage girls, desperately strive to leave a mark that can link with them. Unfortunately, they do so on their own because their family and caregivers rarely intervene to show them how to become fully-grown. According to Wozniak, Rekleiti and Roupa(p.259) the contemporary culture undermines family ties and cuts the period spent among parents and children. The children have nowhere else to go other than the media for emotional acc omplishment (Hopton 2011). What...

Religion in Russia

Russia has experienced a revival of religion since the start of the new millennium. Over 70% of Russians consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians, and the number is growing. There are also 25 million Muslims, around 1.5 million Buddhists, and over 179,000 Jewish people. The Russian Orthodox Church has been particularly active in attracting new followers due to its image as the true Russian religion. But Christianity wasnt the first religion that Russians followed. Here are some main historical periods in the evolution of religion in Russia. Key Takeaways: Religion in Russia Over 70% of Russians consider themselves to be Russian Orthodox Christians.Russia was pagan until the tenth century, when it adopted Christianity as a way to have a united religion.Pagan beliefs have survived alongside Christianity.In Soviet Russia, all religion was banned.Since the 1990s, many Russians have rediscovered religion, including Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Slavic Paganism.The 1997 law on religion has made it more difficult for less established religious groups in Russia to register, worship, or exercise the freedom of religious belief.The Russian Orthodox Church has a privileged position and gets to decide which other religions can be officially registered. Early Paganism Early Slavs were pagans and had a multitude of deities. Most of the information about the Slavic religion comes from the records made by Christians who brought Christianity to Russia, as well as from Russian folklore, but there is still a lot that we dont know about the early Slav paganism. Slavic gods often had several heads or faces. Perun was the most important deity and represented thunder, while Mother Earth was revered as the mother of all things. Veles, or Volos, was the god of abundance, since he was responsible for the cattle. Mokosh was a female deity and was associated with weaving. Early Slavs performed their rituals in the open nature, worshiping trees, rivers, stones, and everything around them. They saw the forest as a border between this world and the Underworld, which is reflected in many folktales where the hero has to cross the forest in order to achieve their goal. Establishment of the Russian Orthodox Church In the tenth century, Prince Vladimir The Great, the ruler of Kievan Rus, decided to unite his people and create an image of Kievan Rus as a strong, civilized country. Vladimir himself was an ardent pagan who erected wooden statues of deities, had five wives and around 800 concubines, and had a reputation of a bloodthirsty warrior. He also disliked Christianity because of his rival brother Yaropolk. However, Vladimir could see that uniting the country with one clear religion would be beneficial. The choice was between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, and within it, Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox Church. Vladimir rejected Islam as he thought that it would pose too many restrictions on the freedom-loving Russian soul. Judaism was rejected because he believed that he could not adopt a religion that had not helped the Jewish people hold on to their own land. Catholicism was deemed too stern, and so Vladimir settled on Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In 988, during a military campaign in Byzantine, Vladimir demanded to marry Anna, sister of Byzantine emperors. They agreed, providing that he is baptized beforehand, which he agreed to. Anna and Vladimir married in a Christian ceremony, and upon his return to Kiev, Vladimir ordered the demolition of any pagan deity statues and a country-wide baptism of his citizens. The statues were chopped and burned or thrown into the river. With the advent of Christianity, paganism became an underground religion. There were several pagan uprisings, all violently squashed. The North-Eastern parts of the country, centered around Rostov, were particularly hostile to the new religion. The dislike of the clergy among the peasants can be seen in Russian folktales and mythology (byliny). Ultimately, most of the country continued with dual allegiance to both Christianity and, in everyday life, to paganism. This is reflected even now in the highly superstitious, ritual-loving Russian character. Religion in Communist Russia As soon as the Communist era began in 1917, the Soviet government made it its job to eradicate religion in the Soviet Union. Churches were demolished or turned into social clubs, the clergy was shot or sent to camps, and it became forbidden to teach religion to ones own children. The main target of the anti-religion campaign was the Russian Orthodox Church, as it had the most followers. During WWII, the Church experienced a short revival as Stalin looked for ways to increase the patriotic mood, but that quickly ended after the war. Russian Christmas, celebrated on the night of January 6, was no longer a public holiday, and many of its rituals and traditions moved to the New Years Eve, which even now remains the most loved and celebrated Russian holiday. While most main religions were not outlawed in the Soviet Union, the state promoted its policy of state atheism, which was taught at school and encouraged in academic writing. Islam was at first treated slightly better than Christianity, due to Bolsheviks view of it as a center of the reaction. However, that ended around 1929, and Islam experienced similar treatment as other religions, with mosques shut down or turned into warehouses. Judaism had a similar fate as Christianity in the Soviet Union, with the added persecution and discrimination, especially during Stalin. Hebrew was only taught in schools for diplomats, and most synagogues were closed under Stalin and then Khrushchev. Thousands of Buddhist monks were killed during the Soviet Union, too. In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, the more open environment of the Perestroika encouraged the opening of many Sunday schools and a general resurgence of interest in Orthodox Christianity. Religion in Russia Today The 1990s marked the beginning of a revival in religion in Russia. Christian cartoons were being shown on main TV channels, and new churches were built or old ones restored. However, it is on the cusp of the millennium that many Russians began associating the Russian Orthodox Church with the true Russian spirit. Paganism has also become popular again, after centuries of repression. Russians see in it an opportunity to connect with their Slavic roots and rebuild an identity different from the West. In 1997, a new law On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations was passed, which acknowledged Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism as traditional religions in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church, which nowadays acts as a privileged religion of Russia, has the power to decide which other religions can be registered as official religions. This has meant that some religions, for example, Jehovahs Witnesses, are banned in Russia, while others, such as some Protestant churches or the Catholic Church, have considerable problems with registration, or limitations on their rights within the country. There have also been more restrictive laws adopted in some Russian regions, which means that the situation with the freedom of religious expression varies across Russia. Overall, any religions or religious organizations that are considered non-traditional according to the federal law, have experienced issues such as being unable to build or own places of worship, harassment from the authorities, violence, and denial of access to media time. Ultimately, the number of Russians who consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians is currently at over 70% of the population. At the same time, over a third of Orthodox Christian Russians do not believe in the existence of God. Only around 5% actually attend church regularly and follow the church calendar. Religion is a matter of national identity rather than faith for the majority of contemporary Russians.

The Impact Of Diversified Workforce And How Management...

Abstract The hospitality industry around the globe is characterized by the existence of diversified workforce. As a result, it requires highly skilled Human Resource Management (HRM). The research paper here tries to acknowledge the impact of diversified workforce and how management handles their employees from different cultural backgrounds. The paper gives a brief background of the story, followed by an extensive literature review. The literature review section focuses on various theories and models of eminent authors and research scholars. The theories aim at providing knowledge regarding the benefits, challenges and opportunities of having a diversified culture in the organizations. While some authors emphasize on adopting diversification in the companies, others point out the disadvantages related to having employees from different cultural backgrounds. They also offer practical recommendations to the HR managers to help them successfully deal with the cultural diversity issues. The main aim of the paper is to identify the research gap identified in the literature review section. The research methodology applied here is based on secondary data collection. Secondary data are such data which have been previously collected by some agency for a purpose and are merely compiled from the original source for use in diverse connection. The study has been assembled with the help of various journals, books, websites, etc. Theories have been used that focuses on how culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Diversity On Workforce Diversity Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe increasing globalisation in today’s world means more interaction between people from different ethical and cultural backgrounds than ever before. Maximising and Capitalising on Workforce diversity is the aim of most organisations today. 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International human resource management is the set of distinct activities, functions a nd processes developed by MNC’s, to attract, develop and maintain theirRead MoreMaking Differences Matter - Review1480 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract and background of the article In order to investigate that what will it take for organizations to reap the real and full benefits of a diverse workforce, a research effort taken by the article author’s team. In order to understand three management challenges for Diversity, it conducted its research over a period of six years. The challenges undertaken were: a) How do organizations successfully achieve and sustain racial and gender diversity in their executive and middle management ranksRead MoreInfluence Of Top Management Team Diversity On Performance And Corporate Strategies6187 Words   |  25 Pagesadvantage from others. There have been different findings on the influence of Top Management Team diversity on performance and corporate strategies in the organizations. Some findings show that there is a significant relationship between Top Management Team and performance while others reveal there is no relationship. The study seeks to investigate the impact of TMT diversity on corporate strategies and the organization’s performance. Great contribution to the research field about how TMT diversityRead MoreThe Impact Of Diverse Top Management Teams On Corporate Strategies And Performance6426 Words   |  26 PagesTHE IMPACT OF DIVERSE TOP MANAGEMENT TEAMS ON CORPORATE STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE Dissertation Proposal Submitted to Northcentral University Graduate Faculty of the School of XXXXXXXX in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF XXXXXXXXXX by NAME Prescott Valley, Arizona Month Year Abstract The business landscape has been dramatically changed and overhauled by the globalization process in today’s world. Adoption of diversity by many firms is in the aimRead MoreDiversity2698 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION As we enter the 21st century, workforce diversity has become an essential business concern. In the so-called information age, the greatest assets of most companies are now on two feet. Undeniably, there is a talent war raging. No company can afford to unnecessarily restrict its ability to attract and retain the very best employees available. Although we all share many traits and needs, human beings are different and unique. While diversity has always existed, globalization, anRead MoreEssay on Diversification within American Organizations5630 Words   |  23 Pagespersonnel with different economical status, beliefs, and cultural background; because of this, operating an organization in American society is a very complex task. For many years, researchers struggled with the concept of finding the perfect organizational structure to meet the need of the employee and the demands of society. However, research has consistently shown because of historical American idealism that individuals choose to interact more often with members of their own cultural groups or identityRead MoreDiversity For A Diverse Workplace3965 Words   |  16 Pagesdiverse workplace, they must prepare a plan of managing cultural diversity not only for the current status of the diversity in their organization but also for the very starting point of accommodating new employees with different cultural backgrounds. It is all about the preparation for recruiting different cultural backgrounds. Recruiting strategies At first, the organization must create a diverse pool of candidates. If they always recruit from the same places, they will get the same people; then

Causation of Serial Killers Essay - 2039 Words

â€Å"I just know it’s a dark side of me. It kind of controls me. I personally think it’s- I know it’s not very Christian, but I actually think its demons within me† (Wenzl et al. 308). Dennis Rader, infamously known as BTK, commented about what he called his â€Å"factor X† above, which he claimed was his motive for killing. The demons within Rader supposedly caused him to murder four members from the Otero Family leaving the youngest daughter hanging in the basement nearly naked and gagged (Wenzl et al. 10). We now know that these demons within and â€Å"factor X† that Rader was referring to was his psychopathology, but we cannot ignore that these traits were triggered by early childhood experience. His early childhood experiences as in many other†¦show more content†¦In order to prevent this, he consumed and soaked himself in the blood of those he had slain (Brogaard). Chase suffered from paranoia as a result of his schizophrenia, making him believe that there actually were Nazis trying to kill him. Similar to Watts, Chase also lost his sense of reality allowing his paranoia to consume him and as a result he killed multiple people. This inability to differentiate between fantasy and reality is significant among all psychotic serial killers. Psychotic serial killers can also be triggered by their relationships with family members and loss of close relatives, such as in the case of Ed Gein (Morrison 51). Ed Gein was also a Schizophrenic, who began digging up graves and most notably skinning his victims to make suits consisting of women’s breasts and genitals (Morrison 52). People hypothesized that Gein wore these suits made from his female victims because he wanted a sex change (Brogaard). This is incorrect because in an interview with Morrison, Gein made it clear that they were wrong and they were only assumptions (quote and page). 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The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages 950-1350

In this book it revealed how the middle ages were not dead times, but mere it was the just beginning of everything, such as it gave people more freedom and independence and allowed to people to explore trading new things with others. Basically in the beginning of the book Lopez starts talking about the Roman world and also about the commerce and the effect of the Barbarian invasion, and after that industry started sky rocketing because there was tremendous commercial growth. Also he states that agriculture surplus. Another thing he states is the business of penetration of the Jews, and the how adventurousness, the Italians and there role of the credit and value of contracts among and their developments in their transportation. After understanding this book I realized that Middle Ages was the birth of capitalism, in this middle classes, were modern world. Often many of these political issues are happening in our time like class, warfare, hostility to business and the disastrous role of taxation by destructive central government and it was necessary for the freedom to make sure the economic growth is in stable position. Also another word that was frequently used was the middles age was also known as â€Å"The Age of Faith†. Another reason was it was during the gothic cathedral were the most fascinating monuments. During this time â€Å"The Commercial Revolution was of Middle Ages from 950-1350 and this by another named S. Lopez and this story reminds us that the past indeed aShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesFit of a Line 221 5.4 Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations 238 5.5 Logistic Regression (Optional) 255 5.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 264 Activity 5.1 Exploring Correlation and Regression 267 Activity 5.2 Age and Flexibility 268 Graphing Calculator Explorations 272 6 Probability 279 6.1 Chance Experiments and Events 279 6.2 Deï ¬ nition of Probability 288 ââ€"   Contents ix 6.3 Basic Properties of Probability 295 6.4 Conditional Probability 302Read MoreHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 PagesPrinted in China by Printplus Limited. National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data Powers, G. K. (Gregory K.) Cambridge HSC general mathematics / G. K. Powers. 9780521138345 (pbk.) Cambridge general mathematics. For secondary school age. Mathematics–Textbooks. Mathematics–Problems, exercises, etc. 510 ISBN 978-0-521-13834-5 Paperback Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pagesRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesexample, building a road 30 years ago was a somewhat simple process. Today, each area has increased in complexity, including materials, specifications, codes, aesthetics, equipment, and required specialists. Similarly, in today’s digital, electronic age it is becoming h ard to find a new product that does not contain at least one microchip. Product complexity has increased the need to integrate divergent technologies. Project management has emerged as an important discipline for achieving this taskRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesthe formal beginning of statistical quality control. Toward the end of the 1920s, Harold F. Dodge and Harry G. Romig, both of Bell Telephone Laboratories, developed statistically based acceptance sampling as an alternative to 100% inspection. By the middle of the 1930s, statistical quality-control methods were in wide use at Western Electric, the manufacturing arm of the Bell System. However, the value of statistical quality control was not widely recognized by industry. World War II saw a greatly expanded

Animals of Wonderland Free Essays

string(289) " several of the designs in this opening sequence: those on pages 8 and 10 are â€Å"too matter-of-fact to be necessary,† the â€Å"elongated Alice stands merely looking round-eyed,† and the second vignette of Alice swimming with the mouse â€Å"makes the first superfluous\." TITLE: | The Animals of Wonderland: Tenniel as Carroll’s Reader| SOURCE: | Criticism 45 no4 383-415 Fall 2003| The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited. To contact the publisher: http://wsupress. We will write a custom essay sample on Animals of Wonderland or any similar topic only for you Order Now wayne. edu/ ROSE LOVELL-SMITH WHEN JOHN TENNIEL was providing 42 illustrations for Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in 1864 he was in his mid-forties, an established illustrator and a Punch cartoonist. At that time C. L. Dodgson and Lewis Carroll were equally unknown as authors, for adults or children. Tenniel, on the other hand, already had a professional understanding of the visual codes and illustrative techniques of his day, and already had an audience–an adult rather than a child audience–who would expect from him a certain level of technical proficiency, humor, and social nous. Tenniel’s illustrations should therefore interest us today not just for their remarkable and continuing success as a felicitous adjunct to Carroll’s text, but also as the first–arguably, the best–Victorian reading or interpretation of Carroll’s text. After all, as a reader Tenniel enjoyed considerable advantages, including his personal position and experience, his access to the author’s own illustrations to the manuscript version of the story, and access to the author himself. In his study of illustration in children’s literature, Words about Pictures, Perry Nodelman has argued that â€Å"the pictures in a sequence act as schemata for each other†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, all the expectations, understanding, and information we bring to reading an illustrated book, and all the information we accumulate as our reading proceeds, â€Å"becomes a schema for each new page of words and each new picture as we continue throughout a book. (FN1) If this is so, all Tenniel’s choices relating to subject matter, size, position, and style of illustration must come to operate, as we proceed through Alice in Wonderland, as a kind of guide to reading Carroll’s text. An examination of Tenniel’s opening sequence of illustrations as they appeared on the page in the 1866 edition of Alice in Wonderland(FN2) will therefore begin to reveal Tenniel’s preoccupations, the kind of interpretation of Carroll’s text he is nterested in making. As Wi lliam Empson pointed out in 1935, two aspects of Alice are traditional in children’s stories: the idea of characters of unusual size (miniatures and giants) and the idea of the talking beast. (FN3) Tenniel’s opening drawing, the White Rabbit at the head of chapter 1, draws on both these traditions. The rabbit occupies a point between animal and human, simultaneously both these things and neither of them, an implication hardly made so firmly by Carroll’s text. The rabbitness of the rabbit is emphasized by the meadow setting, the absence of trousers, and the careful attention paid to anatomy and proportion. But the rabbit is slightly distorted towards the human by his upright posture, his clothing and accessories, his pose, and his human eye and hand. Less obviously, Tenniel also extends Carroll’s text by offering information about the size of the rabbit. From the grass and dandelion clock (a visual joke) in the background the reader grasps the rabbit as rather larger than normal bunny size: about the size of a toddler or small child, perhaps. As this illustration was invented by Tenniel (Carroll’s headpiece illustration shows Alice, her sister, and the book), the contrast is clear between Carroll, whose picture draws attention to the frame of the story, to the affectionate relationship of sisters, and thereby to Alice’s membership of the human family, and Tenniel, who selects a traditional story idea that shifts the focus another way, toward a mediation between different kinds familiar from those many forms of art in which animal behavior is used to represent human behavior. In further illustrations, Tenniel offers more images suggestive of unusual relative size. The second picture, page 8, shows Alice too large to go through the little door. On page 10 she holds the bottle labeled â€Å"DRINK ME† which will shrink her; on page 15 she is growing taller, with the text elongated to match. Then comes page 18, where the frame and larger size suggest that here is an important picture. In it the human/animal rabbit and the idea of Alice’s unusual size occur together. Alice looks gigantic in relation to the hallway, and the White Rabbit, normal size for the hallway (it appears) but perhaps (in that case) outsize for a rabbit, is much reduced from the importance he assumed in the first illustration and is shown fleeing from her terrifying figure. The pool of tears illustration on page 26 also relates to these themes. Here a fully clad human, Alice, is depicted much the same size as the unclothed mouse with which she swims. Note, too, that in the text, Alice frightens the mouse away as she had previously frightened the rabbit, although this time it is by talking about her pet, her cat Dinah. The reader who ponders this opening sequence of illustrations might reflect that Alice would also be frightened of Dinah if she met her while still mouse-sized. The schemata, then, direct the reader towards a cluster of ideas in which animal fears and anxieties about survival are connected with images of lesser or greater relative size. FN4) Tenniel appears to have arrived at this interpretation independently: while he does frequently follow Carroll’s designs closely in the subject and overall approach to an illustration (Michael Hancher provides some useful opportunities to make comparisons),(FN5) of the pictures just discussed only the one of Alice growing taller at the head of chapter 2 very much resembles a parallel drawing in Carroll’s manuscript. Moreover, when Tenniel does follow Carroll in choice of subject he usually makes significant changes in treatment: Tenniel’s Alice, for instance, having slipped into the pool of tears, is very much more alarmed than Carroll’s Alice. (FN6) Edward Hodnett, who reviewed Tenniel’s work for the Alice books picture by picture, makes rather slighting remarks about several of the designs in this opening sequence: those on pages 8 and 10 are â€Å"too matter-of-fact to be necessary,† the â€Å"elongated Alice stands merely looking round-eyed,† and the second vignette of Alice swimming with the mouse â€Å"makes the first superfluous. You read "Animals of Wonderland" in category "Essay examples" (FN7) Hodnett seems to me to have missed the point. These designs are in my view extremely consistent in seeking and developing a particular nexus of ideas. Despite the evident connection between many Tenniel illustrations and Carroll’s own illustrations, then , this is clearly Tenniel’s own interpretation. But if this is so, what is to be made of it? My thesis in this paper is that through his animal drawings, Tenniel offers a visual angle on the text of Alice in Wonderland that evokes the life sciences, natural history, and Darwinian ideas about evolution, ideas closely related by Tenniel to Alice’s size changes, and to how these affect the animals she meets. (FN8) As I will show, this is partly a matter of Tenniel’s â€Å"drawing out† an underlying field of reference in Carroll’s text. I will also argue, however, that when Tenniel’s approach to his animal subjects is compared to that in earlier and contemporary illustrated natural istory books, the viewer is conscious of resemblances which indicate that Tenniel’s pictures are best situated and read in that context. The effect of the initial sequence described above, for instance, is that as chapter 3 unfolds Alice’s encounters with various different creatures, the illustrations begin to re-create Alice itself as a kind of zany na tural history for children. Our post-Freudian view of Alice in Wonderland tends to be of a private, heavily encoded, inward exploration or adventure. But Tenniel’s reading, I would argue, offers us an outward-looking text, a public adventure, a jocular reflection on the natural history craze, on reading about natural history, and on Darwin’s controversial new theory of natural selection. I will return to Tenniel as reader later, but in order to establish that this interpretation is no mere add-on but a genuine response to the text, I must first deal with science, natural history, and evolutionary ideas as themes that Carroll himself originates. Interest in contemporary ideas about the animal kingdom is signaled early on in Alice in Wonderland, in chapter 2, when Alice finds that the well-known children’s recitation piece â€Å"How doth the little busy bee† has been mysteriously ousted from her mind by new verses that celebrate a predator, the crocodile. Carroll’s parody of Isaac Watts’s pious poem for children(FN9) thereby establishes his book’s reference to a newer, more scientific view of nature–approaching a controversially Darwinist view. It does this by mocking and displacing the worldview often called natural theology. According to natural theology, a set of convictions much touted in children’s reading, God’s existence can be deduced from the wondrous design of his creation. The universe is benign and meaningful, a book of signs (like the industrious bee) of God’s benevolent and educative intentions just waiting to be read by humans. Carroll’s crocodile, all tooth and claw, signifies other things: amorality, the struggle for existence, predation of the weaker by the stronger. Readers of Alice in Wonderland are also likely to notice that the animal characters do not behave or talk much like animals in traditional fairy tales or fables. They are neither helpers nor donors nor monsters nor prophetic truth-tellers, the main narrative functions of animals in traditional fairy tales,(FN10) but nor are they the exemplary figures illustrative of human fallibilities and moralities familiar from fables. They do not teach lessons about kindness to animals, as animals in children’s stories often did, and they do not much resemble the creatures in nursery rhymes or jingles or Edward Lear’s nonsensical poems either. Instead, they talk, chopping logic, competing with Alice and each other, and often mentioning things â€Å"natural† animals might be imagined to talk about, like fear, death, and being eaten. I think Denis Crutch is also roughly right when he points out that there is in Alice a hierarchy of animals equivalent to the Victorian class system but also suggesting a competitive model of nature: the white rabbit, caterpillar, and March Hare seem to be gentlemen, frog and fish are footmen, Bill the lizard is bullied by everybody, hedgehogs and flamingos are made use of, and the dormouse and the guinea pigs are victimized by larger animals and by humans. FN11) William Empson’s 1935 essay notes how Carroll’s ideas and manuscript illustrations associate evolutionary theories with Alice in Wonderland. (FN12) This is a crucial point and, I believe, the best explanation for the presence of so many animals in Wonderland. It was after all Carroll who put a dodo, best known for b eing extinct, into the text,(FN13) and Carroll who first included an ape, that key symbol of evolutionary debate, in his drawing of the motley crowd of beasts in the pool of tears. But Carroll’s evolutionary reference is much more extensive than Empson found it, for a Darwinist view of life as competitive struggle is also promoted by Alice, who–apparently unconsciously, as if she really cannot help it–repeatedly reminds us that in life one must either eat or be eaten. Alice will keep talking about Dinah to the little creatures she meets who are the natural victims of cats (26-27), she has to admit to the pigeon that she herself has eaten eggs (73), and in the Mock Turtle scene she has to check herself rather than reveal that she has eaten lobster and whiting (148, 152). The Mock Turtle, of course, is a very creature of the table, while Dinah the predator, the aboveground cat, has a place maintained for her in Wonderland by the Cheshire Cat, a friendly but slightly sinister appearing and disappearing cat whose most significant body part is his grinning, tooth-filled mouth (he grins like the crocodile, as Nina Auerbach has noted). (FN14) The â€Å"little bright-eyed terrier† of which the aboveground Alice is so fond (27) also has other-selves in Wonderland, Fury in the Mouse’s Tale, the puppy in chapter 4. Moreover, the Mouse’s Tale–the next poem in the book after the crocodile poem–talks about predation as if it were a legal process. The reader should therefore take the hint and connect the animal â€Å"eat or be eaten† motif elsewhere in the story with the trial scene in the last stage of the book. Carroll has the White Rabbit make this association of ideas when he mutters â€Å"The Duchess! The Duchess! Oh my dear paws! Oh my fur and whiskers! She’ll get me executed, as sure as ferrets are ferrets! † (41). This is one of those moments when Alice reveals its ferocious undercurrent. The White Rabbit here anticipates legal execution as simultaneous with the process of being prepared for table: that is, these â€Å"civilized† human behaviors are proffered by Carroll as analogous to predation by a â€Å"natural† enemy, ferrets. Alice herself, by kicking Bill the Lizard up the chimney (an incident memorably illustrated by Tenniel in a very funny picture) and by looking on approvingly while the guinea pigs are so unkindly treated in court, inverts the theme of kindness to animals established in more orthodox children’s literature like Maria Edgeworth’s tale of â€Å"Simple Susan,† where a girl’s pet lamb is saved from the slaughterer’s knife. FN15) In Alice in Wonderland there is humorous delight in the misappropriation of the creatures in the croquet scene, and there are many other versions of a cruel carnival in the book: for instance, Alice imagines herself being set to watch a mousehole by her own cat. She also resents â€Å"being ordered about by mice and rabbits† (46)–a phrase that suggests the â€Å"world upside down† of carnival but which might also be taken as summing up the new evolutionary predicament of humanity. Fallen down the rabbit hole from her lordly position at the top of the Great Chain of Being, Alice instead finds herself, through a series of size changes, continually being repositioned in the food chain. The importance of the theme of predation, â€Å"the motif of eating and being eaten,† is such that it has attracted a number of commentaries. It is fully described by Margaret Boe Birns in â€Å"Solving the Mad Hatter’s Riddle† and by Nina Auerbach in â€Å"Alice and Wonderland: A Curious Child. (FN16) Birns remarks in opening her essay that â€Å"Most of the creatures in Wonderland are relentless carnivores, and they eat creatures who, save for some outer physical differences, are very like themselves, united, in fact, by a common ‘humanity. ‘† Birns therefore even cites a crocodile-eating fish as a case of â€Å"cannibalism,†(FN17) quoting in support of this idea Alice’s â€Å"Nurse! Do let’s pretend that I’m a hungry hyaena and you’re a bone! (Looking-Glass, 8). She also remarks that Wonderland contains creatures whose only degree of self-definition is expressing a desire to be eaten or drunk, and offers other comments on scenes in Through the Looking-Glass where, as she puts it, â€Å"food can become human, human beings can become food. â€Å"(FN18) I do not always find â€Å"cannibal† readings supported by the parts of the text in question. Auerbach also makes claims about cannibalism, but a little differently, referring the idea of â€Å"eat or be eaten† back to Alice, her â€Å"subtly cannibalistic hunger,†(FN19) the â€Å"unconscious cannibalism involved in the very fact of eating and the desire to eat. â€Å"(FN20) Auerbach associates this interpretation with Dodgson’s own attitude to food. But textual support for the quality Auerbach calls Alice’s cannibalism seems lacking. Alice does not really eye the other animals in her pool of tears with â€Å"a strange hunger† as Auerbach suggests,(FN21) nor do the Hatter and the Duchess â€Å"sing savage songs about eating† as Auerbach claims. FN22) To describe a panther eating an owl as cannibalism, Auerbach(FN23) must assume (like Birns) that the creatures in Alice are definitely to be read as humans in fur and feathers. My argument is that they need not be so read: the point might be their and Alice’s animal nature. Nor d oes the food at Queen Alice’s dinner party at the end of Through the Looking-Glass â€Å"begin to eat the guests†(FN24) as Auerbach claims, although food does misbehave in Looking-Glass and the Pudding might have this in mind (Looking-Glass, 206). Overall, however, in my view the preoccupation of Alice in Wonderland with creatures eating other creatures is much better accounted for by the â€Å"more sinister and Darwinian aspects of nature†(FN25) which Auerbach and Birns(FN26) also recognize as a part of the Alice books. I now return to my main argument, that Tenniel’s illustrations pick up on but also extend this Darwinist and natural history field of reference in Carroll’s text. As already noted, Tenniel’s drawings of animals do not stylistically suggest a â€Å"children’s fairy tale†(FN27) but rather produce Alice as a kind of natural history by resembling those in the plentiful and lavishly illustrated popular natural histories of the day (see figs. 1 and 2). My argument therefore differs from Michael Hancher’s, which emphasizes social and satirical contexts by comparing pictures of various Wonderland and Looking-Glass creatures to those in Tenniel’s and others’ Punch cartoons. FN28) While Hancher establishes the relationship with Punch as an important one, however, the most convincing animal resemblances he reproduces from Alice in Wonderland (I am not here concerned with Through the Looking-Glass) amount to only two pictures, the Cheshire Cat in a tree resembling the â€Å"Up a Tree† cartoon of a raccoon,(FN29) and the ape on page 35 of Alice resembling the ape in â€Å"Bomba’s Big Brother,†( FN30) Tenniel’s frog footman and fish footman are Grandvillian figures with animal heads but human bodies, and also evidently suggest social commentary. But they stand apart from the argument I am presenting here because no effort is made by Tenniel to present them as animals. The satiric side of Tenniel’s animal illustrations in Alice, hinted at by echoes of Punch, is never very dominant, then, and should not be seen as precluding another field of reference in natural history reading. The scope, persistence, eccentricity, and variety of the natural history craze–or rather, series of crazes–that swept Britain between 1820 and 1870 are described for the general reader by Lynn Barber in The Heyday of Natural History and by others in more specialized publications, and need not be redescribed here. (FN31) The importance of illustration in contemporary natural history publishing, however, is central to my argument and must be touched on briefly. Even in the midcentury climate of Victorian self-improvement and self-education, the volume of this well-established branch of publishing is impressive: the standard of illustration in popular periodicals and books was high, and sales were also impressively high in Victorian terms. Rev. John George Wood, according to his son and biographer Theodore Wood, a pioneer in writing natural history in nontechnical language, had reasonable sales for his one-volume The Illustrated Natural History in 1851 and very good sales for Common Objects of the Sea Shore in 1857. But when Routledge brought out his lavishly illustrated Common Objects of the Country in 1858 it sold 100,000 copies within a week of publication, and the first edition was followed by many others, a figure worth comparing with Darwin’s more modest first-edition sell-out of 1,250 copies–or, indeed, with Dickens’s sales of Bleak House (1852), which were 35,000 in the first two years. The result of Wood’s success was a much grander publishing venture by Routledge, Wain and Routledge, a three-volume The Illustrated Natural History with new drawings including some by Joseph Wolf: volume 1 (1859) was on mammals, volume 2 (1862) on birds–the frontispiece is reproduced in figure 2–and volume 3 (1863) on reptiles, fish, and mollusks. FN32) Wood’s astonishingly prolific career as a popularizer, however, of which I have described only a tiny fraction (he was dashing off such productions as Anecdotes of Animal Life, Every Boy’s Book, and Feathered Friends in this decade as well), is in line with much other more or less theologically inclined and intellectually respectable natural history publishing in the 1850s and 1860s, often by clergymen. Children were important consumers of such books and periodicals and sometimes are obviously their main market, and a number of fictional works, such as Charles Kingsley’s The Water-Babies (1863) and Margaret Gatty’s Parables from Nature, of which the first four series appeared between 1855 and 1864 (that is, in the decade prior to Carroll’s publication of Alice in Wonderland), capitalize on the contemporary conviction that natural history was a subject especially appropriate for children. (FN33)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tenniel connects his Alice and natural history illustration by a number of stylistic allusions. He borrows the conventional techniques of realism, such as the cross-hatching and fine lines used to suggest light, shade, and solidity of form in the Mock Turtle’s shell and flippers, or the crabs’ and lobster’s claws. Accuracy in proportion and a high level of anatomical detail are equally important. As can be seen by comparing figures 1 and 2, too, the grouping of subjects may also be suggestive–a point first noted by Narda Schwartz, who also drew attention to the resemblance between the etching of the dodo in Wood’s three-volume natural history and Tenniel’s dodo. FN34) Also significant is the way Tenniel’s design showing the creatures recently emerged from the pool of tears includes a rather furry-haired Alice among, and on a level with, the beasts and birds. Carroll’s own pictures for the pool of tears sequence have the quite different effect of separating Alice from the animal world, a point 1 will return to. Another Tenn iel habit that suggests natural history illustration is his provision of sketchy but realistic and appropriate backgrounds. Here Tenniel’s viewpoint sometimes miniaturizes the reader, setting the viewpoint low and thus letting us in on the ground level of a woodland world magnified for our information (compare figs. 3 and 4). When Alice stands on tiptoe to peep over the edge of a mushroom, when she carries the pig baby in the woods or talks to the Cheshire Cat, Tenniel uses a typical natural history technique, placing a familiar woodland flower–a foxglove–in the background in such away as to remind the reader of Alice’s size at that time. Similarly, Tenniel makes use of the difference between vignettes for simple or single subjects, and framed illustrations, including full-page illustrations, for larger-scale and more important and complex subjects, in a way that very closely resembles a similar distinction in natural history illustration–popular natural histories like Wood’s tend to use large, framed illustrations to make generalized statements, showing, for instance, a group of different kinds of rodent, while vignettes present an individual of one species. And above all, although Tenniel certainly endows his creatures with personality and facial expressions, his animals, unlike his humans, are never grotesques. In fact, nineteenth-century natural history illustration also delights in endowing the most solidly â€Å"realistic† creatures with near-human personality or expressiveness, a quality that Tenniel builds on to good effect, for instance, in his depiction of the lawyer-parrots, which remind one of Edward Lear’s magnificent macaws (see figs. 5, 6, and 7). Thus while Tenniel’s animal portraits reflect the Victorians’ pleasure in their expanding knowledge of the variety of creatures in the world, they also faithfully reproduce the contemporary assimilation of this variety to familiar human social types, a sleight of hand of which Audubon, for example, is a master: his Great Blue Heron manages also to subtly suggest a sly old gentleman, probably shortsighted, and with side-whiskers. In the visual world inhabited by Tenniel, then, the differing works of Audubon and Grandville (the latter could depict a heron as a priest merely by giving the bird spectacles) slide together. Where few of Tenniel’s successors have been able to resist the temptation to turn the animals in Alice in Wonderland into cartoon or humorous creations, though, it is Tenniel’s triumph that he drew his creatures straight, or almost straight: the Times review of Alice in Wonderland (December 26, 1865) particularly noted for praise Tenniel’s â€Å"truthfulness †¦ in the delineation of animal forms. â€Å"(FN35) It was, indeed, his skill in drawing animals that first established his reputation as an illustrator, when he provided illustrations for Rev. Thomas James’s Aesop’s Fables in 1848. FN36)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can sources for Tenniel’s remarkable animal drawings be more precisely identified? An early biographer of Tenniel records his acknowledgment that he liked to spend time observing the animals at the Zoo. (FN37) However, comparisons between pictures reveal that in addition Tenniel almost certainly consulted scientific illustrations o r recalled them for his Alice in Wonderland drawings. For example, in the mid-eighteenth century George Edwards produced a hand-colored engraving of a dodo which, he wrote, he had copied from a painting of a live dodo brought from Mauritius to Holland. The original painting was acquired by Sir Hans Sloane, passed on to Edwards, and given by him to the British Museum. (FN38) In 1847 C. A. Marlborough painted a picture of a dodo, which is now in the Ashmolean Museum (it was reproduced on the cover of the magazine Oxford Today in 1999). And in 1862 the second volume of J. G. Wood’s The Illustrated Natural History includes a picture of a dodo. (FN39) Compare all these with Tenniel’s dodo (figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11): they surely either have a common ancestor or are copies one from the other. The dodo is a special case in that Tenniel could hardly have studied one at the London zoo. But I wish to put forward a claim that Wood’s 1851 one-volume and, later, expanded three-volume Illustrated Natural History were very probably familiar to Carroll and the small Liddells and also to Tenniel, not only because Wood’s dodo illustration is a possible source for Tenniel’s but because these volumes also display smiling crocodiles, baby eagles in their nest, and the lory,(FN40) as well as illustrations of numerous more familiar animals that appear in the words and/or pictures of Alice, including the edible crab, the lobster, the frog, the dormouse, guinea pigs, flamingos, varieties of fancy pigeon, and so forth. Given the compendious nature of Wood’s works, this is hardly surprising, of course. But Wood must be favored as the source of animal drawings most probably known to Tenniel for the further reason that Wood illustrations often quite strongly resemble Tenniel illustrations, as readers may judge by comparing figures 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, to the toucan, eagle, and crab from Alice (see fig. 1) and the lobster and dormouse (see Alice in Wonderland, 157 and 97). (FN41)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No matter how good Tenniel’s famous visual memory, he is unlikely to have drawn such a menagerie without some research. Hancher noted the strong resemblance between a Bewick hedgehog (from the General History of Quadrupeds, 1790, often reprinted) and the evasive croquet-ball hedgehog at Alice’s feet on page 121. (FN42) Bewick’s hedgehog, however, had already been recycled by William Harvey for Wood’s one-volume Illustrated Natural History where Tenniel is equally likely to have seen and remembered it: all three hedgehogs have the same dragging rear foot (see figs. 17, 18, and 19). This is another case, like that of the dodo, where scientific natural history illustrations have been copied, recopied, or reworked for reprinting. A similar argument could be presented about the large number of depictions of sinuous flamingos that Tenniel might have consulted. The volume of contemporary natural history publishing for children and adults, the evident contemporary interest in illustrations of animals, and the resemblance between Tenniel’s and contemporary natural history drawings have important implications: the resemblance indicates that Tenniel is here creating the context within which he wants his pictures to be read. He shows us that he saw (and wanted the viewer to be able to see) Carroll’s animals as â€Å"real† animals, like those that were the objects of current scientific study and theories, at least as much as he saw them as Grandville or Punch-type instruments of social satire, or fairy-tale or fable talking beasts. (FN43)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In line with his scientific interpretation, then, Tenniel in illustrating Alice in Wonderland intensifies Carroll’s reference to Darwin’s theory of evolution by carrying out his own visual editing of the Carroll illustrations in the manuscript. Tenniel makes the ape appear in two consecutive illustrations: in the second, it stares thoughtfully into the eyes of the reader–appearing to claim kinship. Tenniel includes among the creatures in these illustrations on pages 29 and 35 a fancy pigeon, perhaps a fantail or a pouter, which should in my view be taken as a direct reference to Darwin’s argument from the selective breeding of fancy pigeon varieties in chapter 1 of The Origin of Species. FN44) A visual detail that Tenniel introduced into the book, the glass dome in the background to the royal garden scene on page 117, looks like the dome at the old Surrey Zoological Gardens(FN45) and therefore constitutes another reference to the study of animals. And as already noted, Tenniel does not reproduce Carroll’s rather lonely image of Alice abandoned by the animals, which would have had the effect of separating her human figure from the animal ones and thus emphasizing Alice’s difference from them. Instead, Tenniel provides two images of Alice among, and almost of, the animal world, developing a radical implication of Carroll’s text of which Carroll himself was possibly unaware. On the other hand, Carroll’s interest in predation, in the motif of â€Å"eat or be eaten,† is not one on which Tenniel expands. No doubt it would have been thought too frightening for children: one must recall the care taken by Carroll over the positioning of the Jabberwocky illustration in Through the Looking-Glass. FN46) But while Carroll’s text here develops emphatically–albeit peripherally–some ideas that Tenniel could only leave aside, Tenniel’s recognition of the importance of such themes is strongly demonstrated by the puppy picture. This illustration is a particularly large one, dominating the page (55) on which it appears. It is framed, and therefore gives an impression of completion and independent significance, very different from that given b y the more common vignette with its intimate and fluid relationship to the text. These things make it probable that the puppy scene and its illustration were especially important in Tenniel’s reading of Alice in Wonderland. Yet commentaries on Alice in Wonderland tend to ignore the puppy scene, perhaps because critics are often most interested by Carroll’s verbal nonsense, and the puppy is speechless. Indeed, Denis Crutch disapproves of the puppy as â€Å"an intruder from the ‘real’ world† and Goldthwaite takes up this point, commenting that the puppy was Carroll’s â€Å"most glaring aesthetic mistake in †¦ Alice†Ã¢â‚¬â€œneither seems to have noticed that the hedgehogs and flamingos are also not talking beasts. (FN47) Another reader of Tenniel’s illustrations, Isabelle Nieres, takes a similar line, remarking that â€Å"the full-page illustration is perhaps placing too much emphasis on Alice’s encounter with the puppy. â€Å"(FN48) But what Tenniel’s puppy illustration encapsulates, in my view, is the theme of the importance of relative size. Here is Alice’s fearful moment of uncertainty about whether she is meeting a predator or a pet. As reader and Alice will discover, the puppy only wants to play. But Alice is â€Å"terribly frightened all the time at the thought it might be hungry, in which case it would be very likely to eat her up in spite of all her coaxing† (54), and Tenniel’s illustration with the thistle in the foreground towering over the tiny Alice, like many of his memorable illustrations, primarily signifies her anxiety. Later, too, Tenniel’s choice of the lobster as the subject of a drawing is a visual reminder of the transformation of animals into meat: it brings the viewer uncomfortably close to recognition of kinship with the devoured, so human is the lobster and so warily is his eye fixed on the viewer’s. The lobster is another illustration that Hodnett found an inexplicable presence in the text: the song in the text â€Å"provides insufficient excuse for an illustration,† he remarks. (FN49) My analysis of Tenniel’s composite verbal/visual Alice in Wonderland is very different. Possibly going well beyond Carroll’s conscious intentions, Tenniel offers a Wonderland that concurs with the evolutionist view of creation by showing animals and humans as a continuum within which the stronger or larger prey upon the smaller or weaker. The implication–one many readers of Darwin were most reluctant to accept–is that if animals are semihuman, humans may conversely be nothing but evolved animals. Alice’s extraordinary size changes–in which Tenniel is so interested–therefore play a significant role in this new world, for as I already pointed out, it is through her series of size changes that Alice finds herself continually being repositioned in the food chain. Wonderland is truly the place of reversals: its theme of a world upside down is traditional, as Ronald Reichertz has reminded us in an illuminating study that positions Alice in Wonderland in relation to earlier children’s reading. (FN50) Size changes can represent the topsy-turvy, of course. But while Alice has some recognizably Jack-in-Giant-land experiences–like struggling to climb up the leg of a table–and some Tom Thumb experiences–like hiding behind a thistle–what is so weird or Wonderlandish about her story is not her sudden growth spurts but that she transforms rapidly from the small to the large and vice versa. FN51) Alice’s body changes at times suggest being outsize and aggressive–for example, when she is trapped in the White Rabbit’s house and terrifies the little creatures outside, or when she is accused of being an egg-stealing serpent or predator by the pigeon. But she is undersized and therefore vulnerable when s he slips into the pool of tears or when she meets the puppy. (FN52) The size changes connect back to â€Å"eat or be eaten† where the dangers of large and small size, a theme especially horrifying to children, is a traditional one, found in tales of giants and ogres, Hop-o’ my Thumb or Mally Whuppie. FN53) But as we have seen, the Tenniel/Carroll Alice in Wonderland links forward to ideas of predator and prey, eat or be eaten, and the â€Å"animal† nature of humanity, all recently given new urgency by Darwin. A contemporary illustration worth pondering that deals with these important ideas (it appeared at almost exactly the time of the publication of Alice in Wonderland) is the cover of Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: A Monthly Medium of Interchange Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature (January 1866). This cover represents (see fig. 20) the scientific technology that interested Carroll, as well as, more sentimentally, the small creatures and plants of woodland and seashore that are a part of the â€Å"natural history† background. These subjects, however, make a mere frame to the central illustration, both grisly and amusing, which is a depiction of the chain of predation, eat or be eaten, in action. One could hardly ask for a more succinct visual summary of this important element in the contemporary contexts of Alice. Recognition of this theme will, as well as accounting for lobster and puppy illustrations, also account for the otherwise somewhat puzzling centrality of Dinah and the Cheshire Cat in Carroll’s text. Nina Auerbach quotes Florence Becker Lennon’s insight that the Cheshire Cat is â€Å"Dinah’s dream-self,† and certainly one or the other is more or less ever-where in Wonderland. (FN54) I think the reason for this must be that this familiar household pet best emphasizes the paradoxical difference between being large, in which state the cat is a delightful little furry companion, and being small, in which state the cat might kill you and eat you. In the Darwinian world, size can be the key to survival. And yet, Carroll selected a smiling crocodile to stand for the new view of creation. The cruelty of the Darwinian world is, in his view, somehow inseparable from delight. To suggest a context for this unexpected but quintessentially nineteenth-century state of mind,(FN55) a comparison may be made here between Carroll’s poetic vision of his particular predator and Henry de la Beche’s 1830 cartoon of life in A More Ancient Dorset; or, Durior Antiquior (see fig. 1). De la Beche was English despite his name, and was the first director of the British Geological Survey. According to Stephen Jay Gould, who includes it in his preface to The Book of Life, de la Beche’s spirited cartoon, simultaneously grim and humorous, was â€Å"reproduced endlessly (in both legitimate and pirated editions)† and is an important model, becoming â€Å"the canonical figure of ancient life at the inception of this genre.  "(FN56) In short, this is the first dinosaur picture. Victorian paintings of nature (showing a similar pleasure to Carroll’s in his crocodile) do tend to center on hunting and predation–see The Stag at Bay–and de la Beche’s influential image, Gould explains, became a thoroughly conventional depiction of prehistory, first, in showing a pond unnaturally crowded with wildlife (rather like Carroll’s pool of tears), and second, in depicting virtually every creature in it as â€Å"either a feaster or a meal†(FN57)–something one may also feel about Carroll’s characters. Particularly striking is the gusto, the pleasurably half-horrified enjoyment of bloody prehistory, in de la Beche’s cartoon, which in my view is very comparable to the enjoyment of the image of the devouring crocodile in Lewis’s brilliant little parody. A slightly unpleasant gusto also animates Alice in Wonderland, a book that fairly crackles with energy although the energy has always been rather hard to account for. While on the official levels of his consciousness Carroll â€Å"stood apart from the theological storms of the time,†(FN58) is it possible that the news of evolution through natural selection was, on another level of his mind, good news to him as to many other Victorians, coming as a kind of mental liberation? Humanity might well have found crushing, at times, the requirements of moral responsibility and constant self-improvement imposed by mid-Victorian ideals of Christian duty. Alice, for one, young as she is, has already thoroughly internalized many rules of conduct, and Alice’s creator, equipped as he was with what Donald Rackin has called a â€Å"rage for standards and order,†(FN59) revels in the oversetting of order (as well as disowning this oversetting thoroughly when Alice awakens from her dream). The exhilaration of an amoral anti-society in Alice in Wonderland may be, therefore, in part the exhilaration of a Darwinist dream, of selfishness without restraint. As we all know, Alice’s route out of Wonderland is to grow out of it. In closing this essay a final suggestion may be made about Carroll and his self-depiction in Wonderland. If the book is full of expressions of anxiety about relative size–and the dangers of largeness and smallness–this may not merely be because a new theory of evolution by natural selection had enlivened this ancient theme. Possibly Carroll had adapted this theory as a private way of symbolizing for himself the anxieties and dangers of his relationship with Alice and the other Liddell children. In Morton N. Cohen’s biography Lewis Carroll, a table numbers the occurrences of guilty self-reproach and resolves to amend in Carroll’s diaries and shows how these peaked at the time of his deepest involvement with the Liddell family. (FN60) Is it possible that Carroll, far from suffering a repressed interest in little girls, consciously acknowledged and wrestled in private prayer with his own impossible desires? It seems to become ever more difficult, rather than easier, to read this aspect of Carroll’s life. In a recent Times Literary Supplement (February 8, 2002), Karoline Leach argues that Carroll’s friendships with children were emphasized in his nephew Stuart Collingwood’s biography to distract attention from the potentially more scandalous fact of the older Carroll’s friendships with mature women. A letter in response by Jenny Woolf, on February 15, points out that Carroll’s sisters continued to recognize Carroll’s women friends, so obviously perceived these friendships as chaste, but reminds us of the possibility that Dodgson may have cultivated girl children as friends because of their innocence, because they were sexually â€Å"safe† to him, rather than because they were dangerously enticing. A response to this position, of course, would be that the assiduity with which Carroll cultivated friendships with small girls seems out of proportion to such a purpose. Whatever the truth of these matters, it appears to me that Carroll, distressed by the emotional battles documented in his diary, might well have developd a set of imaginative scenarios in which a little girl’s growing up or down is reversible according to her own desire: this offers one kind of explanation of some of the more mysterious events of Wonderland. The dangerous but exhilarating aspects of Carroll’s relationship with his little friends seems to fit neatly into a â€Å"tooth and claw† model of society, too, for each party to such a friendship, although acting in innocence and affection, has a kind of reserve capacity to destroy, to switch from pet to predator. Carroll might even have dramatized himself as a beast in a Darwinian world in relation to these little girls who are never the right size for him. At times he is only the pet–a romping, anxious-to-please, but oversized puppy. But there are other times when he might fear becoming the predator, a crocodile whose welcoming smile masks the potential to devour. And conversely, of course, Carroll’s beloved little friends had the monstrous capacity to destroy him, morally and socially, if he should ever overstep the boundaries of decency and trust. Tenniel, presumably unaware of any secret underside to Carroll’s life, was anyway debarred by Victorian regard for children as viewers from depicting the savage underside of Alice. But by referring the reader outward to current controversies and current interests in the natural sciences, he has succeeded wonderfully in rendering in art both Carroll’s, and his own, grasp of the importance of a new worldview, and of the explosive anxiety and exhilaration to which it gave birth. ADDED MATERIAL ROSE LOVELL-SMITH How to cite Animals of Wonderland, Essay examples