Thomas Jefferson Essays (674 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson What we know Jefferson best for is his infamous phrase in the Declaration of Independence: ?The right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?. Without this we'd Never be in America speaking English, Spanish, Indian, and all other diverse languages. Like any one of us, Thomas was a living person, growing and changing. It was Virginia that Jefferson grew up in. Virginia was the largest American colony in size by the time he was born in April of 1743. Thomas was the 3rd born in his family. He had two older sisters. His father Peter had great strength. Everyone remembered the time Peter had taken two hogs head of tobacco weighing 1,000lbs each and lifted them from their sides to stand them upright. There were no early portraits of Jefferson, but what some have said was that, he was tall for his age, skinny, and awkward in movement, hazel-blue eyes and freckled skin. (The Revolutionary Aristocrat pg.13) Jefferson was a politician and a statesman. He was one of the most talented architects of his time, designing the Virginia State capitol, the University of Virginia, and his own home the Monticello. He loved music and played the violin. (The Revolutionary War pg.46) On June11, 1776 the Continental Congress appointed a committee to draw up a formal declaration of independence to be sent to King George. Jefferson was one of five men appointed. When the time came for someone to write the declaration. Jefferson told Adams that he would be perfect for that position. ? I will not,? Adams said. ? You should do it,? Jefferson said. ?Oh no,? Adams shook his head. ?Why will you not? Jefferson persisted. ? I have my reasons,? said Adams Jefferson looked at Adams and said,? What are your reasons Adams answered: First, ? You are a Virginian and a Virginian should be at the head of a business. Reason number two is that I am unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason number three is you can write ten times better than I can.? Jefferson spoke up at once, ? Well if you are decided then I will do as well as I can.? (The Revolutionary War pg.46) Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in a small room on Market Street in Philadelphia. He wrote in a neat, but small penmanship. One revision it had to undergo was when he condemned slavery to be immoral. Jefferson believed slavery was wrong, although he did not free his own slaves. He did not feel ?blacks? completely free to mingle with ?whites.? It was then revised and approved by congress as a ? Fine piece of work, well done.? After Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he went home to Virginia, and a few years later, was elected governor. That was when the British army invaded Virginia. The redcoats wanted to capture Jefferson and the members of the Virginia General Assembly- and they almost did. Hardly anyone has heard of Jack Jouett but he is a very important man. This poem explains the almost tragic invasion: Hardly anyone has heard of the ride Of big Jack Jouett through the countryside; No poet told of his frantic flight Through Virginia's forest in the dark of night. The British were marching, they were heading west Seeking one prize over all the rest: It was the man who had made the King Glower, Virginia's governor -Wanted- for London's Tower. Big Jack, feather in his cap, cut by briars, short of sleep, Had Rivers to cross and fences to leap, Till he reined in his horse and came to a stop At a house, Monticello, on a mountain top. ?Dragoons,? he warned. ?They're coming, they're real!? The governon, at breakfast, finished his meal. Then he mounted his horse and rode off and away, A minute later-that's the truth, so they say- The redcoats arrived; too late and they knew it, Thomas Jefferson was gone and thanks to Jack Jouett. ( From Countries to Colonies by Joy Hakim) American History Essays

Rising High School Seniors

Rising High School Seniors Colleges and high schools have such odd terminology. As if the alphabet soup of academic acronyms wasnt enough, there are all the strange terms - bursar, for example, yield and Jan Term. So when your childs counselor refers to him as a rising senior, what on earth does that mean? Once upon a time, a kid was a junior until June of his junior year. When the bell rang on the last day of school, he became a senior - even if the start of the next academic year was still two months away. Now, hes called a rising senior. (Clearly, its only a matter of time before preschoolers are called rising kindergartners!) The term is primarily used at college prep high schools in the United States and when colleges discuss admissions season, as in, We offer overnight visits to rising seniors. Colleges rarely use the term to discuss their students, and in fact, the freshman/sophomore/junior/senior terminology is increasingly giving way to alternative descriptions based on how long a student has attended, as in the first year, second year and so on. How Rising Seniors Should Spend Their Time Your rising senior is in the home stretch of high school, and over the summer he likely wants to hang out with friends, sleep, swim, play video games, take a road trip or lounge around doing nothing. Once hes gotten that out of his system, its important to devote two or three hours a week to start in on college applications. He may pester you that this is his time off, but students who begin the admissions process during summer before their senior year are most successful. Here are four things to put on the to-do list: Create a college list: Determining where to apply is the most important action to take over the summer. Figure out where youre going to get your information to decide which college is the best fit for your child. Also, start looking into the financial aid that you might qualify for. Contact those colleges: Presenters at a National Association for College Admission Counseling convention stated that colleges admissions officers are turning down some otherwise qualified students for no other reason than the fact that the students had no contact with them before submitting their applications. Your rising senior needs to show â€Å"demonstrated interest† - a term used by colleges to note the frequency and quality of contact students have with admissions offices which indicated the likelihood of a student to enroll if offered admission. Heres how to jumpstart that process: Sign up for the college admissions mailing list on its website.Find out the names and emails of the admissions representatives assigned to your high school and contact them to relay your interest.Visit colleges and arrange interviews.Go to local college fairs to meet and talk to college reps face to face. Get an early start on applications and essay questions: Filling out your college applications is a critical part of the process and dealing with the dreaded essay can be daunting. Rising seniors should fill out at least one application before school starts. This will help to demystify the process so prospective students can confidently handle applications during the year.

The Warring States Period of Ancient China

The Warring States Period of Ancient China The Warring States period in Ancient Chinese historywhich followed the period known as Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) during the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Chou (Zhou) Dynastyran from about 475-221 B.C. It was a period of violence and chaos during which the philosopher Sun-Tzu is said to have lived and culture to have flourished. Seven States of China There were about seven states of China during the Warring States period, including Yen, which was not one of the contending states, and 6 that were: ChIChuChinWeiHanChao Two of these states, the Chin and Chu, came to dominate, and in 223, the Chin defeated the Chu, establishing the first unified Chinese state two years later. During the Spring and Autumn period, which preceded the Warring States, warfare was feudal and reliant on the war chariot. During the Warring Period, military campaigns were directed by the states who fitted out their soldiers with individual weapons. Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica and The Oxford Companion to Military History. Examples During the Warring States Period, but elsewhere in the world, Alexander the Great conquered his enormous Hellenistic Greek empire, Rome came to dominate Italy, and Buddhism spread to China.

Concept Synthesis Paper on Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay

Concept Synthesis Paper on Personal Nursing Philosophy - Essay Example These concepts also provide a framework for the purpose of analysis, to compare the perspectives of different nursing theorists (Fawcett, 2000). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to identify, discuss and document the basic four domains of nursing metaparadigm: patient, nurse, health and environment. One’s own perspectives regarding two other practice-specific concepts for one’s rural emergency department setting will be identified, discussed and documented. Propositions or assumption statements that connect the concepts will be listed. Nursing philosophy explains the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, meaning and logical argument. Nursing philosophies provide direction for the discipline, forming a foundation for professional scholarship, leading to new theoretical understanding and professional application (Marriner-Tomey & Alligood, 2006). Most philosophies of nursing are â€Å"statements of beliefs about nursing and expressions of values in nursing that are used as bases for thinking and acting† (Chitty, 2004, p.230). Most philosophies of nursing are formulated using the concepts of people, environment, health and nursing as the main foundations. Around three decades ago began a period of major developments in nursing theory, â€Å"characterized as a transition from the pre-paradigm period to the paradigm period† (Marriner-Tomey & Alligood, 2006, p.6). Paradigms are abstract philosophical concepts which form the basic parameters and framework for organising a discipline’s knowledge. Nursing theory explains patterns and relationships found in nursing phenomena and activities. Theories are developed to describe the many aspects of nursing towards promoting a normative standard for nursing practise, through nurses’ study and evaluation of the theories (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2004). All aspects of nursing such as practice, administration, education, research and further theory development form the

How Adam Smith's Writings Help Us to Grasp One or More Specific Issues Essay

How Adam Smith's Writings Help Us to Grasp One or More Specific Issues in Contemporary Politics - Essay Example In the book Wealth of Nations, Smith argued that wealth does not only mean possessing metal but also included the ability to satisfy one’s needs and desires (Otteson 7). He stated that prosperity can be increased if the division of labor is increased, which he demonstrated by using the example of pins. He established logical insights like equality of returns, which was explained by the relation between wage rate and the type of the work. In short, economic and political theories of Adam Smith provided the guidelines that help to understand the wealth of nations and throw light on the political scenario and policy making (â€Å"Adam Smith†). Theories of Adam Smith - Theory of Invisible Hand at Work and Division of Labor In his book Wealth of Nations, Smith has focused on the fact that market forces ensured the production of the goods and services in quality and volume. This was coined as the metaphor of invisible hand at work. People should be allowed to regulate the mar kets on their own. He was of the idea that if people are given the liberty to control the market, they will utilize the resources in the best possible ways with the welfare of the public as the byproduct. This will be possible when producers prefer making profits by supplying the products or services. This will increase competition, and thus the public life will be influenced in a better way. Smith suggested that this can be achieved only without the intervention of the government, thus devising a ‘laissez faire’ form of economy (Smith). Another theory proposed by Smith was division of labor in the book Wealth of Nations. He suggested that, with proper division of work, there would be an increase in productivity. With proper allocation of work, there is an increase in the efficiency of the worker as regards one specific kind of work. Assembly line made it necessary for the workers to focus on minute details, as any mistake in one part can make the entire assembly line n on functional. Smith proposed that a worker can perform best if he or she is assigned the work he or she is best at. He said that the division of labor would lead to producing tangible objects and in surplus amounts (Dhamee). The political environment during the time of Adam Smith was more capitalistic in nature. Mercantilism was present that dictated almost the society in its entirety. Adam Smith was the severe opponent against mercantilism. In mercantilism, the only beneficiaries were the producers and the monopolists. This was done at the cost of the interests of the consumers. The government had no policies to address the needs of the common man. Also, there was no proper division of work. Further, after the industrial revolution and the American Revolution, the western world flourished considerably. But it was only a section of the people who were receiving the benefits, while the condition of the average common man degraded (Skousen 6). The book The Big Three in Economics: Ada m Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes by Mark Skousen in 2007 explained how Wealth of Nations dismissed the traditional economic outlook where mercantilists controlled the commercial and political interests of the society. This book reported that mercantilist policies benefited only the producers and

The negative effects of being to dependt on technology Essay Example for Free

The negative effects of being to dependt on technology Essay Today’s technology is more advanced and it may make your life more easier, but today im going to give you an insight on how being too dependent on technology has it negative effects on us as people in this world. When depending on technology it will give you negative effects toward your education, behavior, and economy. â€Å"People have become too dependent on technology. Many people now won’t go anywhere without their cell phone, or GPS or even their laptop computer. People today have forgotten how to spell correctly or do simple math† according to ask.com The negative effect on education by being too reliant on. Technology is relied on more and more, children today use digital communication instead of improving their writing skills. They don’t know how to write cursive, do proper grammar, and correct their spelling. People that want or feel like their cell phone or laptop is everything to them in other words its and addiction. It makes you lose track of what you’re supposed to do for instance you’re doing your homework but you keep checking your phone or laptop knowing you have to focus. According to 500 American student 73 percent said â€Å"they wouldn’t be able to study without technology†. And 38 percent couldn’t study without checking their phone or laptop. On the other hand technology has a negative effect on behavior, lazy both physically and mentally. Physically when you’re too lazy to move because you’re so use to some type of technological equipment. And mentally because your brain become too lazy to think and less able to do critical thinking. . Automobiles make it less effort for people to move however, car accidents are responsible for more death than non-health related issue. Obesity and Physical Fitness is also a result children are overweight by 10percent because of their lack of exercise and spending countless of hours in front of the computer, or television. Instead of going out to ride a bike or play out door games. For example, I’m one of those people that depends on technology and I felled P.E. my first semester in high school because I rather txt, talk on the phone or be on Facebook. Instead of doing what I was supposed to do in a result II failed P.E. but was giving an opportunities to take an online P.E. class and take this from me if you don’t want to sit at a computer all day of the week then I would suggest do our physical  activities. \ Economic also have several different negative effects. It cost financial drain focusing small businesses to close because of machine technology are taking over. Not only can it put small businesses out of business it can also put big businesses because people look a technology as in it doesn’t take strike, you don’t have to pay them, and you don’t have to worry about a machine going on break. Its sound good but what happens if the machine break down you can’t fix it because the lack of education due to the fact you’d rather invest in technology instead of learning about the risks. The risk of it putting you and or your employees out of a job. Plus it cost those practice for the tec hnology to be even used which the money is being waste instead of being put toward something more effective. With that in mind, let’s say all technology stops and your so depended on technology that you don’t know what to do. From a simple tasked such as writing a paper without typing to knowing a problem right off the top of your head with looking it up. Or let’s say you’re a game freak what happen if all video games and television was gone what would you do with yourself? Go out and become crazy having mental problem, go out and do crime to relive your game or go on with your life. For example my sister dropped her phone and it broke she was said crying like a child but she 22 she thought her whole world end. I looked at her in disbelief thinking to myself is she really doing this over a phone but people today grown attracts to their technology they would freak out if it wasn’t around and that’s a bad thing to see. Generally speaking being too dependent on technology has it negative effects dealing with our education, behavior, and economy. It keeps you from focusing, makes you lazy, and putting people out of jobs. So, remember when depending on technology it will give you ne gative effects toward your writing and grammar, your physical and mental body, and small businesses. Everyone is depending on Google for everything and they are not referring to books.

The Killer Angels :: History, Battle of Gettysburg

THIS IS AN INTRODUCTION!!!!! The commanders that served under Lee were blinded by this admiration. â€Å"His presence is everywhere. They hush when he passes, like an Angel of the Lord.† (pg. 63) Even as he walks down the street people salute him, bow to him, praise him. â€Å"A Pennsylvania woman flirted, asked for is autograph.† (pg. 78) Within the army Lee is worshipped by all members, low and high. When something goes wrong they will find someway to avert the blame from Lee, even though it may have been his fault, to someone else. â€Å"They love him. They do not blame him. They do impossible things for him.† (pg. 250) On the second day of the battle, when everything goes horribly wrong for the Confederate Army, no one blames Lee for the loss. It was his idea to (what was his plan again..) and yet after it failed everyone took it out on Longstreet. As Goree says on page 240 â€Å"They can’t blame General Lee. Not no more. So they take it out on [Longstreet].† Although Lee is one of the most loved Generals of all time, I don’t think he enjoyed it all that much. On page 79 he says that â€Å"Fame came too late. I would have enjoyed it, if I were younger man.† The Confederate Army could, and probably should, have won the Battle of Gettysburg. They started off the battle by overpowering the Union Army on the first day. Everyone is in good spirits and feeling that â€Å"with every step of a soldier, with every tick of the clock, the army was gaining safety, closer to victory, closer to the dream of independence.† (pg. 110) With this in mind they charged into the second day. This is when everything went wrong. Lee’s plan was to â€Å"attack en echelon, to take Cemetery Hill in reverse.† (pg. 184) Although most of the Confederate Army was against the procedure and thought it wouldn’t work, no one could persuade Lee to change his mind. And so the army went ahead and attacked the Union Army following Lee’s plan. The battle raged on for hours and by the end the Confederate Army had suffered an unpleasant loss. If they had used a different strategy I think they could have won on the second day. By the third day, however, things are looking grim. Even Longstreet admits it when he is talking to Lee; â€Å"I have to tell you now, sir, that I believe this attack will fail.

Macbeth: Plot Summary (Acts 3, 4 and 5) Essay

Act 3, Scene 1 Act III opens at the royal castle on the day of a great feast to celebrate Macbeth’s coronation. Banquo is the first to enter the great dining hall. The prophecy of the Witches races through his mind, and he begins to believe that Macbeth himself was responsible for the fulfillment of the Hags’ prediction. He thinks upon his own destiny as foretold by the Witches. If Macbeth is now king, Banquo is sure to father future kings. A trumpet sounds and King Macbeth and his Queen enter the hall with Lennox, Ross, and a long parade of servants. Macbeth is very concerned with Banquo’s activities for the day, and asks him where he plans to go before dinner begins. Banquo tells him that he and his son, Fleance, are going to ride on the vast castle grounds in the afternoon, but he assures Macbeth he will not miss the feast. Macbeth orders everyone to take the afternoon for himself and be ‘the master of his time’ until seven that evening, when the banquet will co mmence. Everyone rushes off, except Macbeth and a servant. He asks the servant to bring in two men that have been waiting at the palace gate. Alone for a brief moment, Macbeth reveals his plan to have Banquo and Fleance murdered while they are out riding. Killing now comes easier to Macbeth and he will gladly slay his friend and his child if it means securing the throne for his own lineage. The servant returns with the men whom Macbeth has commissioned to kill Banquo and Fleance. Macbeth gives them some final instructions and sends them on their way. As the scene comes to a close, we see Macbeth’s transformation into a evil villain now complete: â€Å"It is concluded: Banquo, thy soul’s flight/If it find heaven, must find it out to-night.† (3.1.140-141). Act 3, Scene 2 In another room in the castle, Lady Macbeth orders a servant to find her husband. Lady Macbeth is not as happy as she thought she would be as Queen of Scotland, and, although she hides it better than Macbeth, the murder is all that she can think about. Despite the fact that they now have exactly what they desired, Lady Macbeth confesses that they have gained nothing and lost everything by killing Duncan: ‘Nought’s had, all’s spent’ (3.2.4). Macbeth enters and he too admits to consuming feelings of guilt and fear. He laments ‘In the affliction of these terrible dreams/That shake us nightly: better be with the dead’ (3.2.18-9). Lady Macbeth wants to think of other, more pleasant things, and she tells her husband to be happy and enjoy his feast. Macbeth informs her that he has decided to kill Banquo and Fleance. She asks for details but, to save her from further guilt, Macbeth will not tell her any more: ‘Be innocent of the knowledge, deares t chuck’ (3.2.44-6). Act 3, Scene 3 The two murderers set out to find Banquo and Fleance, riding on the palace grounds. A third murderer joins them, sent by Macbeth to ensure the killing is carried out according to plan. They hear horses approach. It is Banquo and his son, walking toward the stables, talking about the fun of the day. Night has fallen early and they carry a lit torch. The First Murderer attacks Banquo but before he dies he cries out to Fleance to run away as fast as he can. In the scuffle the torch goes out and Fleance successfully escapes into the dark countryside. The murderers know that they have left incomplete the more important task of killing Banquo’s son, but they nonetheless head to the castle to report Banquo’s death to Macbeth.

Why do people criticize types of music like metal

Since that decade heavy metal was divided in many branches where they born different types of heavy metal as: Nu metal, dark metal, doom metal, metal core, rock metal, alternative metal, death metal, Christian metal, trash metal, etc then they generalized heavy metal as metal, and heavy metal started making part of metal. So this music stared to be a door for the teenagers that wants to highlight from others that's why the majority of metal heads have piercing and tattoos. Society didn't accept them and judging from their appearance the stereotype metal as† satanic†.The people that don't listen to metal because just didn't like this genre just prefer to don't comment and keep distance. But metal is strongly criticized by society and there are people that said that metal is only an excuse to use drugs and alcohol, because in all the genres metal is the one that has the most drug addict followers. Others said Metal Heads are dark and satanic as the famous singer Justine bib ber that said:† I reject metal. Why? Because is an insipid, violent and dark music that incite teenagers to follow the path of the sin and to lock n a melodramatic and melancholic way of life without sense. Metal constantly resave critics by another famous genre called regulate, with comments as: â€Å"those teenagers are violent they express their self in a bad way and live their live like a punish, like something bad. † â€Å"Regulate wants to contagious world with happiness and Metal Heads just try to cloud happiness with their gloomy and sad thoughts. † â€Å"metal is not music there are just screams without harmony. † As metal is a different type of music that express rebellion and rudeness, metal is present to the ones who didn't know about his genre as bad music, also people get scare about the content of the lyrics.Many religious people or Scientific' use phrases like:†all metal is satanic. † ‘the members of that band love Satan. † ‘the lyrics of that song backward and translated in an old Portuguese language is part of a indigenous ritual to call Satan spirit. † These arguments aren't valid and aren't proven. One thing is for certain, that there are satanic bands but these are very few, and are part of one of the branches call death metal or black metal, this branch is for satanic ands only, and this one's didn't have hide their intentions. Metal change personality' no, people look them different because they present a different attitude, Metal Heads didn't fallow modes they just are unite because of the feeling of the music. All this disturbance is because the hypocrisy of the society that talk about values but they didn't practice, Metal Heads show their self as they are, they do not hide their likes or feelings, that's why the rude lyrics an strong sounds.Play metal is not easy the complexion of the music is ere low as Metallic, system of a down, avenged sevenfold or AC/dc, and people c riticized them for them is very sad that all their effort is not considerate. As James Hatfield the first voice o the famous group Metallic that said â€Å"Honestly, all my years of carrier have been disqualified by inexperienced people that move masses in a way I don't like. † Boring in mind the both sides of the coin, there is a very interesting opinion. â€Å"All the likes and dislikes have to be respected, but when someone criticized metal has to have arguments to catalog metal as satanic.

Your Inspirational Sample Research Paper Is Here

Your Inspirational Sample Research Paper Is Here Research Paper Examples provided by our professional writers. Whenever work on a research paper is started, many customers find themselves in a tough situation, not knowing how to start, what to write, how to do the research, where to look for literature, what format the research should follow and so on, the list can actually go on forever. The most logical thing in this situation is, of course, looking for a sample paper that can be used as a model assignment to create your research and/or term papers. A model assignment allows you to see what format the paper should take, whether it should follow the rules prescribed by the APA, MLA or Harvard standard and so on. Of course, looking at an example research paper is much easier than going through heaps of papers that textually describe what you are supposed to do with your research or term paper. For this reason, we have collected a list of free example research papers that you can use as a model assignment while doing your own work. The list includes research paper samples on the following topics: Please note: All files are in PDF format. You need Adobe Reader to view the files. Research paper Business (Bachelor level, 7Â  pages) Download Business sample research paper Research paper Statistics (Bachelors level, 16 pages) Download Statistics sample research paper Research paper Chemistry (High-School level, 7 pages) Download Chemistry sample research paper Research paper Engineering (Masters level, 2 pages) Download Engineering sample research paper Research proposal Marketing (Bachelors level, 15 pages) Download Marketing sample research proposal Research report Finance (Bachelors level, 10 pages) Download Finance sample research report To view these samples, you will need to download and install Acrobat Reader, a free program that allows you to view PDF files. The list above is just a glimpse of the products we can create for our customers. If your topic is not on the list, however, you need to get it done, please contact us and we will come up with a tailor-made solution that is a full match of your requirements. All you need to do is fill out the order page, specify your requirements, supply additional information and we will get you a writer with a suitable background that specializes in this kind of research paper writing. Moreover, we will set up communication between the writer and you so to ensure the maximum cooperation and efficiency.

Texting turnaround on literacy - Emphasis

Texting turnaround on literacy Texting turnaround on literacy Theres been another U-turn on the effects of texting on childrens literacy skills. The latest research, conducted by Dr Clare Wood at the British Academy, suggests that, far from damaging their ability to read and write, using textisms like LOL and plz is actually a sign of sophisticated phonological development. Great news for the future generation, certainly. But is anyone else dizzy yet?

Biology - Infectious Diseases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biology - Infectious Diseases - Research Paper Example In the case of infections, adaptive immunity has a greater role to play. Each foreign organism displays an antigen or multiple antigens that are recognized by the antibodies produced in our body. This recognition allows targeted action and removal of the infectious particles. If the infection is mild, our bodies are easily able to remove it. If however the infection is severe or if the symptoms are dangerous, external medication may become necessary. Also vaccination is important in order to stop the infections from occurring in the first place. Since infectious diseases are a leading cause of mortality, causing about ten percent of all deaths every year, it is important to study then closely and find a cure against them. Initially, there was a theory of spontaneous generation which stated that microorganisms were created out of lifeless matter such as meat broth. There were many scientists who played a key role in refuting the idea but the foremost were Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur . Pasteur devised a series of experiments with beef broth to prove that only when exposed to open air was the broth contaminated. He then proposed his germ theory according to which diseases were caused by microorganisms; however his attempts to prove his theory were unsuccessful. His work was carried forward by Koch who cultivated anthrax virus from a diseased organism and inserted it into a healthy one, which develops a disease (Burnet and White). The virus was isolated again and observed in the lab, confirming the germ theory proposed by Pasteur. A major breakthrough in the field was achieved by Edward Jenner when the first vaccine was developed. During the twentieth century there was a deadly outbreak of small pox that had a very high mortality rate. The victims’ bodies got covered in scabs and blisters that were full of the pox virus. The virus claimed thousands of lives all across the globe. Edward Jenner noticed two things related to the small pox infection. First, tha t the people who survived the onset of small pox did not contact the disease again and secondly the milkmaids rarely got affected by the disease. The milkmaids displayed signs of infection of the cowpox virus which was a milder version of the small pox. Jenner combined these observations and discovered that immunity against the small pox virus could be achieved if the people are injected with the cow pox variola virus. Within a small span of time large scale manufacturing of the variola virus started and worldwide campaigns struggled to spread the vaccine throughout the globe. Finally the efforts paid off and the small pox virus was eradicated from the world (Magner). Since then various vaccines have been developed for different infectious diseases, like polio, cholera, mumps, rubella and many others. These vaccines may be in many forms A live attenuated form of the virus which is alive but weak and therefore a lower chance of causing a disease Dead strains of the virus Toxoid vacci nes which target the toxins produced by the microorganism Viral like particles, generated through genetic engineering that will trigger an immune response without causing a disease. These experiments and incidences allowed the scientists to learn a great deal about the infectious diseases and to develop cures against them. With the advent of modern technology, it is now easier to work on microorganisms. However a new kind of challenge is faced by the scientists around the world. The rapidly evolving microorganisms like HCV and